Ankermann (B.) Ueber den gegenwärtigen Stand der Ethnographie der Südhälfte Afrikas. (A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1906, N. F., IV, 241-286, 5 pl., 17 fgs.) Résumés our knowledge of the ethnography of Bantu South Africa. Treats of races and languages (language of pygmies and Bushmen unrelated, Hottentots distinct physically from Bushmen and Pygmies, Bantu physically a much mixed race), Bantutribes (descriptive list), Bantu-culture (agriculture except the Herero, cultureplants, domestic animals, hunting and fishing, cannibalism, intoxicants, waterpipe of Asiatic origin, tobacco, habitations of three types, furniture and utensils, clothing and ornament, painting and tattooing, hair-dress, bodily deformations, weapons and warfare, tools and implements, iron-working, etc., pottery of no high development, wood-carving, textile art, basketry and matting, weaving, barter and commerce, boats and navigation not well developed, money of various sorts, music and dance as chief pleasures, musical instruments of several kinds, social organization, classes, slavery, chiefs, totem-groups, crimes and punishments, family and woman's life, children, puberty-ceremonies, property and inheritance, burial, religion on animistic basis, cult of spirits, folk-literature), Bantu origins and migrations. Dr A. thinks that a homogeneous Bantu type no longer exists, has, perhaps, never existed. Also that some connection exists between African and Oceanic culture. Evidence of Hamitic influence occurs throughout the Bantu area. Aus der Vorzeit des Nigergebietes. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 240241.) Based on the article of Lieut. Desplagnes in La Géographie for February, 1906, giving an account of his archeological and ethnographical investigations in the Niger country. The

tumuli of the lake-region of the middle Niger (representing the culture of the medieval Ghanata kingdom), the prehistoric and protohistoric monuments of the central Niger valley ("stations," stone monuments, monoliths with sculptures, ruins of Kukia, the first capital of the Songa kingdom, Berber and Negro graves, etc.), the present and former distribution of tribes and peoples, are considered. These investigations are important for the history of the Negro race in West Africa and their contact with the Berbers, Arabs, etc.

Bieber (F. J.) Reiseeindrücke und wirtschaftliche Beobachtungen aus Gallaland und Kaffa. (Ibid., 117-122, 133-139, 13 fgs., map.) Gives account of expedition in Gallaland, etc., in 1905. Contains notes on the Kaffitcho (clothing, religion), Ometi, etc., agriculture, industries, etc., of various tribes and towns. Kaffa, B. thinks, may become a second Rhodesia. Carton (Dr) Le Dar-el-Acheb, Dougga. (Rec. d. Notes et Mém. Soc. Archéol. du Dép. de Constantine, 1905 [1906], 4 s., VIII, 61-65, 4 pl.) Brief account of the Dar-el-Acheb of Dugga, perhaps a sort of macellum, of Roman origin.

Quatrième Annuaire d'Épigraphie Africaine, 1904-1905. (Ibid., 125163.) Gives, with indexes of names, stamps, gods, emperors, religions, offices and functions, army, buildings, geographic names, localities, etc., mentioned, the African (Latin, Greek, Punic, Libyan) inscriptions published in various journals, etc., in 1904-5. Debruge (A.) Bougie. Compte rendu des fouilles faites en 1904. (Ibid., 67123, 2 pl., 35 fgs.) Gives accounts of the investigations and finds made at Bougie in 1904the rock shelter, fishing station of Pic des Singes (pottery, bone and ivory objects, polished bone, beads, rude statuettes, flints, ornaments, - beads, etc., - copper implements, minerals, etc.), the tumulus of the Pic des Singes and the contents (vases, grinding stones, few animal bones) of the 15 "hearths." The fishing-station appears to belong to the era of transition between stone and metal. The tumulus represents the first (very ancient) period of Berber occupancy, with perhaps some traces of their predecessors. Dennett (R. E.) Bavili notes. (FolkLore, Lond., 1905, XVI, 371-406, 4 pl.) Treats of ideas about the soul

(shadow, revenant, intelligence, voice or soul of dead, mirror, photography), fetishes (family fetishes, personal charms, "figures of the people," nail-fetishes), wizard-exposure story, xina or prohibition (nine classes, the last of these being a" summed-up class" of the animals, etc., concerned, parts only are xina,— a long list is given), etc. The Bavili are known also as the Fjort; they are a Bantu people.

Notes from southern Nigeria. (Ibid., pp. 434-439.) Treats of ezimi, or "making father," a ladies' dance, secret societies, marriage and birth customs of the people about the city of Benin, etc.

Doumergue (F.) Nouvelles contributions

au préhistorique de la province d'Oran. (Bull. Soc. Geogr. et Archéol., Oran, 1905, XXV, 399-412.) Enumerates 85 66 stations,' "with finds of rude flints and also fragments of polished axes. Fireplaces and tumuli have also been discovered. At Ain Guettara two Chelléan axes were found. Many of the "stations" were reported for the first time. F (B.) Randall-MacIver über die Ruinen des Maschonalandes. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 283-284.) sumés R.-M.'s article on the ruins in Mashonaland in the Geographical Journal for April, 1906.

Ré

Gsell (S.) L'âge de la pierre dans la région de Bordj-Menaïel et sur la côte. (Rec. d. Not. et Mém. Soc. Archéol. du Dép. de Constantine, 1906, 4o S., VIII, 9-19, 6 pl.) Treats of stone implements from the region of Bordj-Menaïel and the adjacent coast. By the shore of the sea "primitive men had cut flint in colossal abundance and used it for tools

and weapons. Localities noted are Settara, near Cape Djinet, Ménerville, etc.

A Cissi municipium (Ibid., 19-21, I fg.) Notes on Djinet, the Roman Cissi municipium - Berber station, Carthaginian emporium, Roman city, and the finds there made the last year (remains of stone buildings, pottery, lead vase, coins of Juba II (collection of an amateur of the time), deformed bronze objects, a human skeleton, part of a white marble stele with Latin inscription), etc.

Mosaïque romaine de Sila. (Ibid., 1-7, I pl.) Describes a Roman mosaic found at Sila, one of the castella belonging to the Roman Cirta. The art is poor and belongs to the third or fourth

century. The motif is Scylla personified, but not the Homeric conception. Gutmann (B.) Trauer- und Begräbnissitten der Wadschagga. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 197-200.) Treats in detail of death, mourning, burial customs, etc., among the Wajagga, a Bantu people. Death is a two-sided phenomenon, release from earthly troubles, fear of the world of ghosts. Women are the mourners. The ceremonies last for days. The family, in the broad sense, is the school of all virtues and to it the native owes his burial ("a friend cannot bury you," says a proverb of the country).

Hermann (D. R.) Neues über die Buschmänner. (Ibid., 285-287.) Résumés S. Passarge's recent monograph on the Bushmen of the Kalahari. Hinglais (U.) Inscriptions inédites de la province de Constantine pendant l'année 1905. (Rec. d. Notes et Mém. Soc. Archéol. du Dép. de Constantine, 1905 [1906], 4° S., VIII, 243-259.) Reproduces 170 unpublished inscriptions from Announa (Thibilis ), Khemissa (Thurbursicum Numidarum), Aïn-el-Bordj, Constantine (Cirta), in the province of Con

stantine.

Huguet (J.) Les Oulad Nail, nomades pasteurs. (R. de l'Éc. d' Anthrop. de Paris, 1906, XVI, 102-104.) Treats briefly of the Oulad Nail, pastoral nomads of Algeria, their migrations, etc. Jacquot (L.) Dessins rupestres de Mogh'ar, sud Oranais. (Ibid., 289–291, 2 fgs.) Notes on rock-carvings of animals (elephant, buffalo, goat, some birds) and a wirrwarr of lines and curves, from Mogh'ar in southern Oran (Algeria). Joly (C. A.) Thurbursicum Numidarum, Khemissa. (Rec. d. Notes et Mém. Soc. Archéol. du Dép. de Constantine, 1905 [1906], 4° S., VIII, 165-192, 18 pl., I fg.) Treats of the ruins of Khemissa, the Thubursicum Numidarum of the Romans,-theater, nympheum, forum novum, baths, arch of triumph of Septimus Severus, platea vetus, temple, curia, tribune, public treasury, basilica, inscriptions, etc.

v. Kleist (-) E. F. Gautiers Durchquer

ung der Sahara. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 319-321.) Emphasizes the scientific results of Gautier's transSaharan expedition of 1904-1905. There is evidence that the whole Sahara, from Algiers to the Sudan, was once a land well-watered, and thickly populated by

agricultural tribes. Traces of these tribes are found in rock-inscriptions, graves, mortars and grinding stones, flints, arrowheads, etc.

von Luschan (F.) Ueber die ethnologische Stellung dieser "Abessinier." (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1906, xxxvIII, 159-161.) Points out that the so-called "Abyssinians" of the Castan Panopticum are most of them Somals - the group includes also Gallas, a few east Sudanese Negroes and Egyptians. In the discussion, Hr. O. Neumann added to Dr v. L.'s observations. One of the women in the "Abyssinian village" gave birth to a child, which Dr v. L. saw on the fourth day after: "the skincolor was the same dark-gray as that of the mother (only the vola and planta were still dark-red); the gluteal region was very dark-gray. According to the nurse the color at birth was the same. Mercier (E.) La race berbère, véritable population de l'Afrique septentrionale. (Rec. d. Notes et Mém. Soc. Archéol. du Dép. de Constantine, 1905 [1906], 4 S., VIII, 23-59.) Historical-ethnographic sketch of the Berber peoples. According to M., the Berbers have inhabited N. Africa from the remotest antiquity, and have continued to live, never ceasing to absorb other peoples and undergoing frequent renascences. Their treatment by the Romans and their history down to the 13th century A.D. in particular are considered, lists of the various tribes, etc., being given. The mountains, the littoral, the desert, almost all Morocco, is still Berber - the Arabs were largely assimilated. Moszeik (O.) Die Malereien der Buschmänner in Süd-Afrika. (Intern. A. f. Ethnogr., Leiden, 1906, XVIII, 1-44, 3 pl., I fg.) This monograph, edited by Dr S. Levinstein, who also adds an afterword (pp. 41-44) is based on observations of Dr M. during a long residence in the Bushman country. Following topics are treated: Generalities, sandstone caves (the most fertile "finds"), age of paintings (three periods: I, rude figures of unknown animal forms; 2, animal forms, deeper in color and representing the best art period, in red and yellow; 3, inartistic human figures, representing perhaps a period of decadence; those paintings in which the horse figures cannot be earlier than the eighteenth century; some, however, are many centuries older), material

and utensils, colors, technique, perspective, relation to ancient Egyptian paintings (both represented animals better than men), motives (animals appear in numerous characteristic poses, species easily recognizable, sex likewise, anatomic detail; human head poorly made; figures of inanimate objects rare, symbolic representations also seldom occur; groups relatively rare), etc. Dr L. disagrees with Dr M. as to the theory of decadence in the human figures. The period of true artistic development is to be seen in the early fragmentary representations. Perspective and color first develop in the period of "narrative pictures.'i

Parallels of Bushman art are to be sought in the efforts of prehistoric men and of modern children, not in the products of civilized Egypt and Japan. Relations of Bushmen with Pygmies are still to be proved.

Papillault (G.) La forme du thorax chez les Hovas et chez des nègres africains et malgaches. Contribution à l'étude de l'indice thoracique. (R. de l'Éc. Anthrop. de Paris, 1906, XVI, 63-68.) Gives results of thoracic measurements of 18 negroes, 35 Malagasy and 25 Hovasthe thoracic index rises with the admixture of negro blood. Relation of trunk to limb is also considered. Phylogenetically the thorax flattens from the monkeys and anthropoids to man. Ontogenetically, the index decreases from fetus to adult, rising, however, somewhat in old age. This flattening of the thorax (seen in 3 Americans measured by P. in particular) is both an evolutive and a functional superiority.

Passarge (S.) Der paläolithische Mensch an den Viktoriafällen des Sambesi. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 108.) Notes on the observations of Fielden in Nature (vol. 73, Nr. 1882) on paleolithic man at the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi. The relation between the Kalahari sand and the boulders must determine whether the flints in question are late Tertiary or much more recent. Robert (A.) Notes sur quelques vestiges antiques découverts dans la commune mixte des Maadid. (Rec, d. Notes et Mém. Soc. Archéol. du Dép. de Constantine, 1905 [1906], 4o S., VIII, 239241.) Brief accounts of several Latin inscriptions, a mosaic from the ruins of a Roman city near Cérez, a red-earth vase and contents from the Roman ruins near the well of El-Anasser.

bronze

Roquette (M.) Lanterne de provenant du cimetière païen d'Aïn-elHout, douar des Aïcida, environs de Souk-Ahras. (Ibid., 229-258, 3 fgs.) Describes a bronze lantern, resembling one figured on the column of Trojan (in a nocturnal sea-scene), from the pagan cemetery of Ain-el-Hout, near SoukAhras, exhumed in 1904.

Scherer (J.) Streifzüge in Oran im Sommer

1904. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 236-237, 249-253.) These notes of travel in Oran refer here and there to the population (of the Oases Figuig, Dourssa, etc.), and give also an account of Beduin sheik and his people. Schilling (C.) Tamberma. (Ibid., 261– 264, 6 fgs.). Describes the Tamberma people of German Togo, their roundtower houses, etc. These are one of the shy "wild" tribes of the country. Schütze (W.) Der Elefant in BritischOstafrika und Uganda. (Ibid., 141144.) Contains some notes on methods of hunting and trapping the elephant, in use among the native tribes (Kikuyu, Masai, Wakamba). Author advocates a government monopoly of elephant-hunting. Spiegelberg (W.) Die Symbolik des Salbens bei den Ägyptern. (A. f.

Religsw., Lpzg., 1906, IX, 143-144.) Argues rubbing, smearing and anointing with oil were, in ancient Egypt, protective ceremonies, even when applied to

Constantine, 1905 [1906], 4o S., VIII, 193-227, 6 pl., 11 fgs.) Treats of the Berber people of the region of AinM'lila (once filled with populous Roman towns), the monoliths and other stone monuments, their inscriptions, etc., in the ruins of Tir-Kabbine, where once was an ancient city. Turris Cæsaris, J. thinks, was south of Sigus. Vortisch (H.) Die Neger der Goldküste. I. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 277-283, 293-297, 24 fgs.) Treats of physical characters, clothing, intellect and character, family manners and customs, public life, market, travel, political and state relations, folk-music (in some detail). Dr V. notes the early decline of facial traits, especially in women who have borne children; superstition linked with fetish-worship; imagination and power of oratory; gesture and featureplay; dressing men as women and vice versa at funerals (among the Bagoro); little reputation of family and public life; night quieter than day; existence of many petty kings (the eldest sister of dead king has great influence); drums chief musical instruments (children make them out of bottles), wooden xylophone, horns, etc. The natives take well to European instruments and to the singing in church and school. Weissenborn (J.) Tierkult in Afrika. Eine ethnologisch-kulturhistorische Untersuchung. (Intern. A. f. Ethnogr., Leiden, 1904, XVII, 91-175, 2 pl., with maps.) This monograph, with maps of distribution of the various animals worshipped, bibliography, indexes of names and subjects, treats of the facts concerning cults of animals in Africa, their origin, evolution, etc. The topics considered are the animal-cult of African primitive peoples and their animal sacrifices, animal-cult of the ancient Egyptians (either an old local inheritance or the result of exaggerated speculation based on nature-observation), etc. In animal sacrifice the essential and precious thing is the blood, not the animal itself. According to W., the basal idea that gave rise to the cult of animals was "man's dawning idea within himself of a world-soul." The cult region of no animal corresponds with the area of its geographical distribution. Some notable animals (e. g., 'giraffe, weaver-bird, ostrich) have given rise to no cult. Winternitz (M.) Zur Volkskunde der Insel Soqotra. (Globus, Brnschwg.,

1906, LXXXIX, 301-302.) Gives brief account of the folk-lore material (tales, songs, sayings, riddles, etc.; several are cited) in D. H. Müller's Soqotritexte (Wien, 1905), with comparative refer

ences.

ASIA

A. (B.) Eine religiöse Bewegung im Altai. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 220-221.) Gives a brief account, after Klemenz and Ackerblom, of the religious movement begun in 1904, by an old Kalmuck of the Altai named Tsheta Tshelpànov, whose interpreter and helper was his adopted daughter, a bright and eloquent girl of 14 years. He preached the coming end of the world, attacked shamanism and its bloody sacrifices. The Russians opposed the movement by force and the "prophet" was imprisoned.

Birkner (F.) Beiträge zur Rassenan

atomie der Chinesen. (A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1905, N. F., IV, I-40, 20 pl., 13 fgs.) Describes with measurements, head and face forms of six Chinese heads and treats the thickness of the soft parts of the same, also the musculature of the head in three Chinese heads. This article deals in part with the same data as were published in the author's Habilitationsschrift of 1904. See American Anthropologist, 1905, N. S., VII, 346.

Haut und Haare bei sechs Chinesenköpfen. (Ibid., V, 142–148, 2 fgs.) Treats of the skin (color, thickness, papillæ) and hair (number, cross-section and thickness, grouping) of six heads of Chinese. As compared with Europeans the Chinese head-skin is more richly pigmented, also thicker; the hair is thicker and rounder.

Bogoras (W.) Religious ideas of primitive man, from Chukchee material. (Intern. Amerik. -Kongr. Stuttgart, 1904, 1906, XIV, 129-135.) English original, of which a French version was noticed in American Anthropologist, 1905, N. S., VII, 347.

Box (E.) Shanghai folk-lore. (J. China Br. Roy. As. Soc., Shanghai, 1905, XXXVI, 130-156.) Second part of a

collection of folk-lore items from the Chinese of Shanghai - the author is a missionary of the better class. Festivals (New Year, Lanterns, Spring, Summer, etc.), "magic" and folk-medicine, superstitions concerning animals (tiger, dog, goat, rat, raven, etc., snakes), the writ

ings of the Christians (efficacious in disease against evil spirits, etc.), are considered.

Deecke (W.) Feuerkugeln und Meteoriten in 1001 Nacht. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 158-159.) Calls attention to several passages in the Arabian Nights referring to fire-balls, meteorites, etc. Out of meteoric iron "holy sounds" may have been fabricated. Fraenkel (S.) Zur Fabel von Wolf und Kranich. (Z. d. Deutschen morgenl. Ges., 1905, LXVIII, 798.) Cites a Jewish variant (lion and partridge) of the fable of the wolf and the crane. Goldstein (F.) Der Monotheismus Kanaans. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 234-235.) Author concludes that in pre-exile times the Canaanite state-religion was polytheistic, in postexile times monotheistic, while in Christian times the appeal was made to Moses and his law.

Haberer (K. A.) Votive und Weihegaben der Japaner. (Corr.-Bl. d. D. Ges. f. Anthrop., München, 1906, xxxvi, 132-133.) Brief account of mother's offerings of votive figures for her child, fishermen's offerings of little boats, nets, etc., phallic offerings, animal offerings, pictures, etc. (e. g., in the Akusa temple in Tokio) in Japan. Jochelson (W.) Ueber asiatische und amerikanische Elemente in den Mythen der Koriaken. (Intern. Amerik.Kongr. Stuttgart, 1904, 1906, XIV, 119-127.) Treats of Asiatic and American elements in the myths of the Koryaks based on material collected during the Jesup expedition of 1900-1901. Of the 122 episodes or tales (out of 139) most commonly occurring in Koryak myths 83 percent are met with in the myths of the N. A. Indians, 29 percent in those of the Eskimo, and only 18 percent in the traditions and tales of the Mongol-Turkic peoples and the Old World. The American element in Koryak myths resembles in form the tales of the Athapascans, in content those of the Tlingit. These resemblances, J. holds, are clearly due to close relationship of the Indians and the peoples of N. E. Siberia in past times, if not, perhaps, to some extent at least, to a common origin of both. Jochelson-Brodsky (Dina). Zur Topographie des weiblichen Körpers nordostsibirischer Völker. (A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1906, N. F., V, 1–58, 4 pl.,