map, 14 fgs., 9 tables.) Based on the author's special measurements (details of 30 items are given) of 30 Tungus, 32 Yukagir and 66 Yakut women, besides other measurements of 720 Koryaks, Tunguses and Yukagirs (men, women and children), in 1900-1902 in N. E. Siberia. Stature, cephalic index, headdiameters, anatomical facial index, jugal width of face, head-heights, nose-measurements, shoulder-height and breadth, manubrium-height, location of mammæ and of navel, height of symphysis, length of trunk, pelvic measurements, legs and arms, feet and hands, and fingerreach, are considered in particular. Yakut women are not different from other Turko-Mongolian peoples; the Tunguses (men and women) measured differ from other Tungus tribes by their mesocephaly and smaller stature; the Yukagirs have the smallest stature of the Paleoasiatic groups investigated, the Kamchadales the lowest cephalic index, the Chukchee (closest to the Indians) the tallest stature and broadest heads; the Asiatic Eskimo are shorter than those of Alaska, but somewhat taller than the Chukchee, while their cephalic index resembles that of the Alaskan Eskimo. All absolute values are smaller in women and also most relative values. The relative height of the mammæ is like that of European women; in peoples with short stature the trunk is relatively longer than in those with tall; the relation of pelvic distances to stature is constant. This monograph is a very good piece of work, exemplifying the value of women as field-workers in anthropology. Kahle (B.) Zur verschluckten Schlange. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 112.) Cites a parallel to the "swallowed snake" legend from the region of the Araxes in Transcaucasia. Messing (O.) Ueber den Gebrauch des Opiums bei den Chinesen. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1906, XXXVIII, 205-219, 2 maps.) Treats of the history of the introduction, use, effects, etc., of opium in China. The chief centers of opium cultivation are. in Yunnan (since ca. 1850), Szechuan, Kwe-Chu, etc. In Szechuan 50 percent of the male population smoke opium (urban 20 percent, rural 50 percent). Many women smoke; whether children inherit the vice is not proved. One of the notable effects of opium-indulgence is a tendency to suicide. The new "China for the Chi

AM. ANTH., N. S., 8-47.

nese" movement will succeed in suppressing opium more than ever. de Moraes (W.) Os nomes geographicos japonezes. (Bol. Soc. de Geogr., Lisboa, 1906, 161-165.) Discusses spelling, pronunciation, meaning, etc., of Japanese geographical names. Based on Takashika Okishio's Map of Japan revised by Muller.

Niehus (Helene) Zenana-Leben in Ostindien. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 247-249, 5 fgs.) Treats of the zenana ("women's apartment") life of the rich Hindus and Mohammedans (the author spent many years in India). The daughter-in-law is more subject to the mother-in-law here than anywhere else on the globe. Ornaments are profuse. The Hindu mother really acquires position through the possession of a son. Oppert (G.) Ueber die indischen Parias. (A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1906, N. F., IV, 149-159.) Historical-ethnographical sketch (origin and meaning of Paria, divisions, varieties, etc.) There are two sorts of Parias, outcast Hindus and people whose forefathers were the ancient, independent Dravidians. The Parias are susceptible of culture and have a better future before them, if properly treated and educated.

Ein indischer Pilgerstab. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, XXXVIII, 161-163.) Describes a Hindu pilgrim's staff of palasa wood, well-made, with the monthnames inscribed on its eight sides. The author adds notes on the divisions of time among the Hindus. Sandler (A.) Medizinische Bibliographie für Syrien, Palästina und Cypern. (Z. d. Deutschen Palästinaver., Berlin, 1905, XXVIII, 131-146.) Alphabetical list of literature relating to the diseases occurring in Syria, Palestine and Cyprus, folk-medicine, superstitions, etc. Schultz (Dr) Noch ein Steinnagel aus Samoa. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 145, I fg.) Describes a stone nail," found beneath the surface on the Vailele plantation, near Apia. Such implements may have been used, according to native belief and tradition, in the construction of the great canoes and houses of important chiefs; afterwards for other purposes as tools or " 'magic" objects. Schwally (F.) Die biblischen Schöpfungsberichte. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1906, IX, 159-175.) Discusses the two accounts in Genesis of the creation of the world, their mythological relations,

or

Groneman (J.) Het njirami of de jaarlijksche reiniging van de erfwapens en andere poesåkå's in Midden-Java. (Ibid., 81-90.) Describes the njirami yearly cleansing of hereditary weapons and other heirlooms in central Java. van Höevell (G. W. W. C.) Het paard in de Gorontalosche landschappen. (Ibid., 177-182, 1 pl.) Treats of the horse (use, accouterments, etc.) among the natives of the Garontalo country in Celebes, where the author resided 18851891. In the toeti or legendary histories of the Gorontalo tribes, the horse, called now wadala, is not spoken of. Horseeating is common in several parts of Celebes.

Zittend Ravana-beeld op gevleugelde Raksasa. (Ibid., 221, I fg.) Note on a Balinese figure of Ravana sitting on the back of a winged Raksasa.

Der Kris von Süd-Celebes. (Ibid, 1906, XVIII, 64-67, 7 fgs.) Describes the South Celebean kris (in Macassar sele), which in the handle, sheath, carrying, etc., differs from the forms in use in Java and other parts of the East Indian archipelago. Von H. sees in the handle of the South Celebéan kris, not a modified Garuda form, but a stylized dog-penis, a relic of the cult of ancestors. This is reasonable, since up to the present no Hindu sculptures, tjandi's, or other antiquities have been discovered in Celebes.

Muller (J. W.) De Manpurengké-feesten in de Minahassa. (Ibid., 1905, XVII, 222-224.) Describes, with text of accompanying songs and free Malay rendering, the manpurengké festivals of the Ajermadidi of Minahassa, Celebes, as seen by the author. They are nightfeasts held to celebrate any interesting incident in a family.

Parkinson (R.) Baumrindenkleidung in Deutsch Neu-Guinea. (Ibid., 2 2 2.) Reply to observation of P. Schmidt regarding information received from missionary, duly acknowledged by P. Schmeltz (J. D. E.) Beiträge zur Ethnographie von Neu-Guinea. X. Die Stämme in der Nachbarschaft des Merauke-Flusses. (Ibid., 194-219, 6 pl., 18 fgs.) Treats of the Tugeri tribes

about the Merauke river in New Guinea. Food and narcotics and objects used in connection therewith (no pottery; cocoanut water-holders), clothing and ornament (hair, ear, nose, breast, arm, hip, pudenda), houses and furniture,

hunting and fishing, transportation (baskets, dug-outs), weapons (clubs, bow-and-arrow), signs of peace, etc., music, dance and accompaniments ("dance-clubs," wooden figures of animals), burial. Based on the De Jong collection in the Leiden Museum.

XI. Zwei Gegenstände von Niederl. Nord Neu-Guinea. (Ibid., 219–220, 2 fgs.) Notes on an ornamented palmwood bow and a carving of a human bust-figure in brown hard wood. Schmidt (P. W.) Die Mon-KhmerVölker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentralasiens und Austronesiens. (A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1906, N. F., V, 59-109, 3 fgs.) Argues that the Mon-Khmer peoples of Farther India are a link between the peoples of Central Asia, such as the Indian Munda, Khasi, etc., with whom go also the Nicobar, Semang, Senoi - and the "Austronesian" (used by S. for " Malayo-Polynesian) peoples of the Pacific. The whole group S. designates "Austral" (Austrisch) with "Austroasiatic" and "Austronesian" branches. Pages 82109 are occupied with the demonstration of grammatical, morphological, and lexical affinities between Nicobar-MonKhmer and Khasi, Santal and MonKhmer-Khasi-Nicobar, and the "Austronesian" and "Austroasiatic" la nguages generally. Schwarz (J. A. T.) Ethnographica uit de Minahassa. (Intern. A. f. Ethnogr., Leiden, 1906, XVIII, 44-63, 3 pl., 9 fgs.) Treats of the watu piněwetengan, or "stone where the division took place," six photographs in which figure old Minahassa clothing, etc., the weaving of wa'u and lanut, five old Minahassa siněka'dan, or priestly staves. Sierich (O.) Samoanische Märchen. (Ibid., 1905, XVII, 182-188.) Nos. XXIII-XXVII of Samoan märchen, native text and German version. Also native texts of four brief children's songs.

Thomas (N. W.) The religious ideas of the Arunta. (Folk-Lore, Lond:, 1906, XVI, 428-433.) Discusses the religious ideas of the Australian Arunta as set forth in Spencer and Gillen's recent work and cites information recently received by the author from M. Strethlow, a German missionary at Hermannsburg, who is "a master of their language.' T. finds no support for the theory that these ideas of the Arunta are the product

of Christian influence, and it is not proved that they are derived from neighboring tribes. They are possibly in process of evolution by a portion of the tribe as a substitute for a primitive atheism.

Volz (W.) Beiträge zur Anthropologie und Ethnographie von Indonesien. II. Zur Kenntnis der Mentawei-Inseln. (A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1906, N. F., IV, 93-109, 3 pl., 14 f.) Based on a visit to the Mentawei islands, off Sumatra, in 1900. Treats of physical characters (measurements of 19 men and 6 women), tattooing (7 parts of body in men, 3 in women; V. considers tattooing not "clothing," but outlining of the anatomical parts of the body, "interpretations are later and often mistaken), artificial deformations (filing teeth, depilation of body), clothing (European dress is becoming more and more common with the women), cocoanut protectors of three sorts. The Mentawei islanders seem to be homogeneous, mesocephalic, Mongoloid people, closely resembling the Bornean Dyaks physically, as well as in the use of tattooing, etc. V. speaks unfavorably of Maas's recent work on these people, Bei liebenswürdigen Wilden (Berlin, 1902).

Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 105-108, 2 fgs.) Résumés Dr Theodor KochGrünberg's Anfänge der Kunst im Urwald (Berlin, 1906, pp. xv, 70; 63 pl.), which contains numerous drawings made by the Indians of the upper NegroYapura region in Brazil. (See American Anthropologist, 1906, VIII, 581.) Bandelier (Á. F.) Ueber Trepanieren unter den heutigen Indianern Bolivias. (Intern. Amerik.-Kongr. Stuttgart, 1904, 1906, XIV, 81-89.) This article is identical in content with the author's paper "Aboriginal Trephining in Bolivia," published in the American Anthropologist, 1904, VI, 440-446. Bloch (I.) Der Ursprung der Syphilis, Morbus Americanus. (Ibid., 57-79.) Brings together old and new evidence, historical, osteological, etc., to show the American origin of syphilis, which Dr B. thinks is now scientifically proved. Numerous authorities are cited. See also a later volume on the same topic by Dr Bloch, and compare Bourne, Col

umbus, Ramon Pane, etc. (Am. Antiq. Soc., 1906).

Boas (F.) Physical types of the Indians of Canada. (Ann. Arch. Rep. Ont. 1905, Toronto, 1906, 84-88.) Briefly describes the Eskimo, North Pacific coast, western plateau and Mississippi valley types, of which the second is remarkably variable. The New England type is intermediate (skull-diameters) between the Eskimo and the Mississippi valley types. A distinct type may also exist on the southern part of the Pacific coast. The Indians of the southern interior of British Columbia resemble rather those of the plains. The Aleutians differ from the Alaskan Eskimo in skull-type. cording to Dr B., "we must consider the inhabitants of N. E. Asia and of America as a unit divided into a great many distinct types, but belonging to one and the same of the large divisions of mankind.”

Ac

The Indian languages of Canada. (Ibid., 88-106.) Sketches the chief grammatical and morphological characters of the Eskimoan, Athapascan, Algonquian, Iroquoian, Kitunahan ( Kootenay), Salishan, Wakashan, Tsimshian, and Haidan languages. Dr B. holds that a generalized view of the type of American languages (e. g., as all "incorporating," "polysynthetic." etc.) is not admissible, "a great variety of forms " actually occurring.

The Eskimo. (Ibid., 107-116.) Treats briefly environmental conditions, occupations (very uniform), inventions (remarkably ingenious), hunting and fishing, habitations, lamp (most important of household belongings), implements and instruments, dogs and sled, clothing, decorative art (not remarkably developed, on the whole- foreign influences noticeable), social organization (very simple), marriage (both polygamy and polyandry occur), religious ideas and practices (shamanism, taboos, witchcraft, slight ritualistic development, mythologic concepts meager and unsystematic, few creation legends, folk-lore rich, essentially human and dealing chiefly with exploits of heroes, deeds of shamans, village-events), etc. The Eskimo have been influenced by the Indians and have influenced the N. E. Siberian peoples.

The Salish tribes of the interior of British Columbia. (Ibid., 219–225.) Treats briefly habitat, occupations (hunting and fishing), clothing, habitations

(permanent house is semi-subterranean lodge), ornamentation, weapons, games, decorative art (slightly developed), painting (crude), social organization (very loose), potlatch (copied from coast tribes by those of more western plateau), burial, religious concepts and practices (religious ideas simpler than those of coast Indians, puberty ceremonials quite complex), spirit-lore, mythology (coyote is central figure; thunder-bird; transformer-tales). Previous Salish culture was even simpler than the present. Influence of coast Indians and Plains tribes has occurred. The more complex social and religious elements on the plateaus are of foreign origin.

The tribes of the North Pacific coast

(Ibid., 235-249.) Discusses briefly

economic conditions and industries, habitations, furniture and utensils, weapons, food, decorative art ("practically all objects utilized are elaborately decorated; animal motives almost entirely"), social organization (very complex with remarkable differences among various tribes; great influence of Tlingit and Haida group system on their immediate neighbors; influence of crests on development of semi-realistic art, religious significance of crest), barter and exchange, "potlatch" and symbolic property, supernatural beings, secret societies and their rituals, dances, etc., pantomimic performances of family legends, mythological concepts (cluster about raven), cosmogonic ideas and traditions, etc., of the Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Kwakiutl, Bellacoola, Coast-Salish and Nootka tribes. In the southern group the characteristic features of North Pacific coast culture are weakest. Bolle (C.) Farbige Arbeiter und Landwirte. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 253-256.) Treats of the colored laborers and their relation to their employers and to the economic system of the country (particularly in Brazil, where the author has spent most of his life). B. concludes that a benevolent and sympathetic patriarchal system would best suit laborers and planters. But peoples

must not be ruled by laws antagonizing their nature, traditions, etc.

Boyle (D.) Notes on some specimens.

(Ann. Arch. Rep. Ont. 1905, Toronto, 1906, 10-33, 41 fgs.) Treats of flints, including "the most northerly Ontario aboriginal relic in the Museum" (a "fish-cleaner" from Lake Temagami);

clay and stone pipes, clay pots (a large perfect specimen and a toy one); curved copper tool from Simcoe county; Sioux pictograph on buffalo-hide and Blood Indian drawing on rawhide.

The making of a Cayuga chief. (Ibid., 56-59.) Note on chief-making among the Cayugas of Tuscarora township in May, 1905, with reprint of Hale's description from the Iroquois Book of Rites. Also note on adoption (Dr B. was adopted in 1892). The chiefmaking was disappointing, "after reading the highly, but probably not too highly colored description [of Hale]."

European contact and the intro. duction of disease among the Indians(Ibid., 59–65.) Chiefly a defence of John McLean, one of the pioneers of the N. W., as to his "religious character."

The Iroquois. (Ibid., 146-158.) Treats chiefly of the "priscan home" of the Iroquois, legends and theories relating thereto - Cusick in particular. Dr B. favors a southern origin (Kentucky and southern Ohio) for the Iroquois; also thinks that the enmity of the Micmacs and the Iroquois was a chief cause of the northern migration of both. Chamberlain (A. F.) The Beothuks of Newfoundland. (Ibid., 117-122.) Anthropological and ethnological-historical sketch, résuméing our knowledge of these extinct Indians, whose language forms a distinct stock.

Indians of the eastern provinces of Canada. (Ibid., 122-136.) Anthropological and ethnological account of the Micmac and closely related tribes, Montagnais, Naskapi, etc. Résumés present knowledge.

The Kootenay Indians. (Ibid., 178187.) Anthropological and ethnological sketch résuméing present knowledge of these Indians whose language forms a distinct stock. See also p. 97.

Cringan (A. T.) Indian music. (Ibid., 158-161.) Based on analysis of numerous Iroquois songs, which reveals " many striking peculiarities of rhythm and tonality." Indian music is decidedly unconventional; the rhythm is often exceed. ingly complicated. The earlier Indian melodies seem to have developed from a simple combination of the first, third, and fifth tones of the scale.

Fischer (J.) Die Kartographische Darstellung der Entdeckungen der Normannen in Amerika. (Intern, Amerik.Kongr. Stuttgart, 1904, 1906, XIV,