Instruction at the Observatory is arranged so as to furnish ample experience in observing, computing, etc., to those who have chosen astronomy or geodesy as a profession.

The equatorial and the spectroscope furnish the means for prosecuting studies in solar physics and similar fields of investigation. One room in the observatory is provided with a set of meteorological instruments, and observations are regularly recorded and forwarded to the United States Weather Bureau in Washington, D. C.

The astronomical problems of geodesy are extensively treated both theoretically and practically at the observatory, enabling civil engineering students to acquire facility in the determination of time, longitude, latitude, etc., as required in extensive surveys, navigation, and practical astronomy. By special arrangement with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, students in astronomy and geodesy have carried out longitude campaigns between Berkeley and San Francisco.

A prominent feature of the Observatory is the computing-room, where the reductions of all observations of the Observatory are carried out by the students themselves.

The classes in astronomy are conducted in the rooms of the Observatory. A lecture-room with a seating capacity of 200, especially fitted for the illustration of astronomical lectures by experiments and stereopticon views, was built in 1899-1900.

In a separate building are two seismographs, having both time and electric connections, one of the Ewing and one of the Gray type, and two duplex seismographs.

Visitors are received at the Students' Observatory on the first Friday of each month, in the evening from eight to ten o'clock. Tickets of admission should be procured in advance, at the Observatory.

The Lick Observatory. (See Lick Astronomical Department.)

The Chemical Laboratories are large and commodious, well lighted and well ventilated, and offer excellent facilities for the study of chemistry. They comprise the following: An Elementary Laboratory for beginners; a Qualitative and a Quantitative Laboratory, each containing all the usual appliances; an Organic Laboratory for special and advanced studies in organic chemistry, and two large Research Laboratories. Special rooms are devoted to volumetric analysis, gas analysis, spectrum analysis, and electrolysis. Ample facilities are provided for chemical analysis and for investigations in foods, drinking waters, mineral waters, poisons, etc. A chemical museum, with a large collection of chemical products and apparatus, is open daily for inspection and study.

A Botanical Garden (established in 1891) is beginning to be fairly well stocked with plants. About 1500 species are now being grown, two-thirds of which are well established perennial herbs and shrubs. The California species number about 750, and this number is being constantly increased through the donations of friends and the efforts of the various members of the Botanical Department.

The garden includes about 7 acres, 34 of which are already cultivated and laid out in rectangular beds in which the species are being arranged by orders as far as possible. Efforts are now being made to increase the number of annual native plants, of which the department possesses a large collection of seeds.

The garden furnishes abundant class material for the classes in botany and affords favorable opportunities for original study and experimentation.

The Botanical Laboratories occupy rooms 1, 2, and 3 of the Botanical Building. They are well lighted and equipped with the necessary instruments, utensils, and reagents for work in morphology and histology, both of flowering and flowerless plants. Special facilities are provided for students desiring to pursue research work.

The Conservatory is situated on the slope between the Botanic Garden and the Students' Observatory. It is a structure of iron and glass. The extreme length is about 170 feet, and the greatest width 60 feet, enclosing an area of about 7,000 square feet. The structure has five subdivisions, arranged for different temperatures, according to the needs of different classes of exotics. The conservatory is used for the important work of introduction, propagation, and distribution of promising economic plants by the Agricultural Department of the University, and it serves other useful ends in affording abundant, high-class material for the illustration of instruction in horticulture and botany, and decorative plants for University functions. The plants under the central dome are arranged to give an idea of tropical forest growth and to furnish valuable illustration of tropical vegetation for classes in nature study.

The Zoological Laboratories occupy the west wing of East Hall. The laboratories, both for elementary and advanced work in general morphology, microscopical anatomy, and embryology, are large, well lighted, and amply equipped.

Special facilities are offered to students who wish to pursue their studies beyond the limits of the undergraduate courses.

By provision of the Regents, the work of the department may be transferred to the seaside during the summer vacation, it being the purpose of the University to make use of the exceptional advantages in this field offered by the California coast.

The Physiological Laboratories, with accompanying quarters for live animals, operating room, etc., are in the basement of the east wing of East Hall.

The equipment in this department has particular reference to general and comparative physiology.

The Mineralogical Laboratory is provided with a large collection of unlabeled minerals, which students determine by their physical properties and by blowpipe analysis. The department possesses a large reflection goniometer and spectrometer, by Fuess, of Berlin, reading direct to ten seconds, and a Groth's universal apparatus, consisting of a polarization instrument for both parallel and converging polarized light, an apparatus for determining the angle of optical axes, and a small goniometer and spectrometer; also apparatus for cutting and grinding crystal sections. Special students of mineralogy will find ample facilities for investigation in optical mineralogy.

The Petrographical Laboratory contains a large collection of rocks, and several thousand thin sections of the same. These are at the disposal of students. For the preparation of thin rock-sections the laboratory possesses all needful apparatus. Seven petrographical microscopes from Fuess, of Berlin, fitted with all the appliances for petrographical investigations, are at the disposal of students. The material to be investigated is practically inexhaustible.

Mechanical and Electrical Laboratories. The completion of the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Building in 1893 made it possible for these laboratories to be much enlarged. With the additional space and apparatus thus provided, the equipment is unusually complete in all the departments of experimental engineering.

The Machine Shops afford excellent facilities for mechanical practice. They have a floor area of about 4000 square feet, and comprise the following: (1) A main machine-room, fully equipped with metalworking machines and with bench and hand-tools for various kinds of metal work; (2) a carpentry and pattern-room, containing an excellent assortment of carpentry tools and a full set of wood-working machines; (3) a blacksmith and foundry-room, containing appliances for forging and casting; (4) a room for fine work, especially well supplied with fine machines and tools for delicate processes. Many pieces of apparatus in the laboratories are from original designs, and were constructed in the machine shops.

The laboratories for experimentation and investigation have a floor area of 5000 square feet, and the covered court has an additional area of 6300 square feet, and they are well equipped for experiments in electrical engineering, thermodynamics and steam engineering, hydraulics, and testing of materials used in machine construction.

The entire east wing of the building is set apart for the Electrical Engineering Laboratories. They comprise the main power-room and the dynamo, electrical testing, photometric, and standardizing laboratories.

The main power-room contains a Ball engine of 100 horse-power, which drives through a counter-shaft a 50 Kilowatt polyphase experimental alternating-current generator, a 30 Kilowatt single phase, 1000-volt alternating-current generator, a 20 Kilowatt compound-wound, constant-potential generator, which may be used as a dynamo or motor, and a 10 Kilowatt are lighting dynamo. The installation in this room is a typical central station of its kind, and is arranged primarily for experimental work. Mains are run from the station switch-board in this room to the large laboratory switch-boards in the dynamo laboratory, making a flexible system throughout.

The Dynamo Laboratory contains a 50 horse-power Straight Line engine, belted through counter-shafting and friction clutches to twenty-two dynamos and motors especially arranged for experimentation and investigation. When a variable speed is desired, current is taken from the main power-room, and the laboratory is driven by

motors.

The machines are of different capacities, ranging from 15 Kilowatts down, and represent, as far as possible, the best American practice in dynamo machine construction. The continuous current, constant potential, and constant current types and single and multiphase alternating current machines and induction motors are all represented in this laboratory, including three experimental dynamos constructed by the students in the machine shop. A number of Brackett dynamometers, also made by the students, may be used in efficiency tests. The switch-boards, for direct and alternating current, containing over four hundred terminals each, are connected with the machines, and also with the instrument tables, containing thirty Weston alternating and direct current ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters. A bank of eight transformers and liquid, metal, are, and incandescent lamp resistances also have connections with the switch-boards. A 10 Kilowatt, 50,000-volt, oil-insulated transformer is used for high voltage and insulator tests. The testing and standardizing laboratories contain a full equipment of accurate scientific and commercial instruments, among which may be mentioned three Kelvin Electric Balances, four Kelvin Electrostatic Voltmeters, an Anthony Wheatstone Bridge, four Nalder Wheatstone Bridges and a permeameter, magnetometer, and Ewing curve tracer for magnetic investigations. These two laboratories and the photometric laboratory have sub-switch-boards connected to the main switch-board in the dynamo-room. In connection with

the photometric and other experiments requiring an unvarying potential, a storage battery of sixty chloride cells is available. The rooms

are all supplied with solid masonry piers for the mounting of sensitive instruments.

For experiments in thermodynamics and steam engineering, the 100 horse-power Babcock-Wilcox boiler, four steam-engines, a 3-inch Jackson centrifugal pump, a small Marsh steam pump and two gas engines of the department are used, having been erected with all accessories for investigation.

For the experiments in hydraulics there are available the water tanks, gauges, and meters, and various types of motors and turbines. There are also appliances for efficiency tests and determination of the resistance to rotating disks and cylinders in water.

The Testing Room contains machines for tension, compression, and torsion of different capacities, and a wire-testing machine for experiments on cables and ropes.

The Civil Engineering Laboratory has been established and fitted with apparatus of the best make, particularly designed for experimental tests and original investigations, especially as related to the materials used in civil engineering construction.

A latest improved Olsen automatic and autographic testing machine of 200,000 pounds capacity, a Riehlé cement-testing machine of 2,000 pounds capacity, a Fairbanks automatic cement-testing machine, a Clark & Mills four-cylinder abrading machine, an automatic sifter, a Clark & Mills Impact Machine, a new Thurston Torsion Machine, and a drying oven for moisture tests are among the recent additions to this set of apparatus. The timbers, building-stones, cements, and bitumens of the Pacific Coast receive especial attention in this laboratory; and practical questions connected with water for domestic use, tests of macadam rock and of sanitary mechanism are considered.

Metallurgical Laboratories. I. The Assaying Laboratory is equipped to give instruction by the most improved method in the fire assays of gold, silver, lead, antimony, tin, iron, nickel, cobalt, and quicksilver ores, and furnace products. It occupies six rooms on the lower floor of the Mining Building.

The crushing and sampling-room contains a Taylor sample-crusher, large iron mortars and rubbers; a panning sink, with full assortment of miners' pans, horns, bateas, and other devices for making vanning tests of ores; a complete assortment of sieves, and a large sampling table. In this room the small-scale sampling is done, and the sample is prepared for assaying. From here the sample goes to the fluxing This is provided with eight Becker pulp-scales, and desks containing all the necessary fluxes; it also contains a Fairbanks platform

room.