Rutile.

Chester County (formerly supplied the entire United States demand, and still produces some, although now surpassed by the Virginia deposits), Coatesville, Parkesburg, Pomeroy, and elsewhere in Chester Valley; also near Doe Run, Glenhall, Willowdale, and many other places in the limestone valleys throughout the southern part of the county. Delaware County, Howard House, Dismal Run. Lancaster County, near Quarryville and elsewhere in southern part of county. Philadelphia County, Overbrook and Rolandsville.

Salt (brine). Allegheny County, produced in Pittsburgh. Armstrong County,
has been made at Bayard salt works, Long Run. Beaver County, New
Brighton, Bellowsville, and Industry. Bradford County, oil district.
Fayette County, on Youghiogheny River. Indiana County, at Saltsburg.
Bromine and calcium chloride are also obtained from the natural brine.
Sand (building). Local deposits utilized in majority of the counties.
Sand (fire). Chester County, produced at Exton and Honeybrook by crushing
quartzite.

Sand (glass). Dug in Clearfield County, at Falls Creek. Elk County, Dagus-
cahonda. Fayette County, at Dunbar, and along Monongahela River
near Belle Vernon. Huntingdon County, Mapleton. Mifflin County,
Vineyard. Venango County, Kennerdell and Rockmere station near Oil
City.
Sand (molding). Dug in Allegheny County, at Pittsburgh. Beaver County,
Koppel. Berks County, Berne and Hamburg. Blair County, Hollidays-
burg. Bucks County, Tullytown. Butler County, Cabot. Carbon
County, Ashfield and Bowmanstown. Clearfield County, Falls Creek.
Columbia County, Catawissa, Mifflinville, and Rupert. Dauphin County,
Harrisburg. Elk County, Ridgway. Erie County, Erie and Fairview.
Fayette County, Dunbar, West Masontown, Perryopolis, and Republic.
Franklin County, Waynesboro. Huntingdon County, Mapleton Depot and
Mill Creek. Lancaster County, Marietta, Beartown, and elsewhere.
Lawrence County, Moravia and Newcastle. Lehigh County, Cementon.
Lycoming County, Linden and Nisbet. Mercer County, Carlton. Mifflin
County, Burnham and Lewistown. Montgomery County, Edge Hill and
William Penn. Northampton County, South Bethlehem and Freemans-
burg. Northumberland County, Milton and Riverside. Philadelphia
County, Philadelphia. Perry County, Newport. Somerset County, Ro-
Sullivan County, Lopez. Venango County, Utica and South Oil
City. Westmoreland County, New Stanton. York County, near Weigels-
town.

wena.

Sandstone.

Quarried at many localities in most of the counties of the State. Sandstone (bluestone). Allegheny County, Pittsburgh. Bradford County, Sugar Run, Towanda, and Wyalusing. Fayette County, Upper Middletown, Waltersburg. Luzerne County, Hunlock Creek. Lycoming County, Jersey Mills, Trout Run, and Waterville. McKean County, Port Allegheny. Mercer County, Greenville. Pike County, Lackawaxen, Pond Eddy, Millrift, Kimble, and elsewhere. Potter County, Burtville. Susquehanna County, Dimock, Hallstead, Lanesboro, and elsewhere. Venango County, Franklin. Westmoreland County, Hillside, Ligonier, and Penns station. Wyoming County, Blackwalnut and Laceyville. York County, Hanover.

Sandstone (brownstone). Quarried in Berks County, at Birdsboro and Mohrsville. Bucks County, Grenoble station, Lumberville, Neshaminy, Newton, and Yardley. Chester County, Phoenixville and Valley Forge. Dau

phin County, Hummelstown. Lebanon County, Mount Gretna and Schaefferstown. Mercer County, near Jackson Center. Montgomery County, Morristown, Port Kennedy, and Fort Washington. Formerly quarried in Dauphin County at Middletown and in York County at Goldsboro (Etters).

Sandstone (flagstone). Bradford County, New Era. Monroe County. Pike County, near Delaware River and Lackawaxen Creek, numerous quarries in grits and sandstones in Shohola and Lackawaxen. Schuylkill County, Auburn. Sullivan County, Dushore. Wyoming County, Nicholson. In northwestern and western counties, flagstone quarried for local use in many places.

Sauconite.

Lehigh County, zinc mines at Friedensville.

Scheelite. Philadelphia County, several pounds found at Hoffman's quarry, Frankford. Franklin, Adams, and other counties in southern Pennsylvania, in South Mountain, with piedmontite and aporhyolite.

Schist (quartz schist, micaceous, sericitic). Montgomery County, at Edge Hill and Glenside, abundant, quarried for the manufacture of cupola blocks, furnace bricks, silica bricks, fire mortar, etc.

Serpentine. Berks County, precious serpentine on Fritz Island, near Reading. Chester County, serpentine occurs in West Nottingham and Westtown townships, and in Lancaster County, precious serpentine (probably williamsite) at Low's mine, Fulton Township. Delaware County, near Media, in Radnor Township and many other places. Northampton County, verdolite, an ornamental stone essentially serpentine, is quarried at Easton. Serpentine occurs but is not worked in Lancaster, Lebanon, Montgomery, and York counties.

Shale (paint). Principal colors, as follows:

Black shale.-Berks County, mined for pigment at Fritz station. Clinton County, Rauchtown. Lycoming County, Muncy. Northampton County, Nazareth, formerly mined. Schuylkill County, Pottsville.

Yellow shale.-Berks County, occurs at Shoemakersville. Carbon County, formerly mined at Lehigh Gap and Slatington. Luzerne County, mined for pigment at Moosehead station.

Red shale.-Berks County, mined for pigment at Albany, formerly mined at Lenhartsville. Lawrence County, mined at Pulaski. Luzerne County, at Hudsondale. Tioga County, at East Charlestown. Westmoreland County, mined for pigment at Greenwald. Wyoming County, formerly mined at Factoryville, for cement. (See also Cement material.)

Shale (oil). Devonian, underlies the northwestern half of the State but is generally too far below the surface to be of value.

Siderite (black band ore). Black band ores also occur throughout the northern coal field but are not persistent, though occurring at the same horizon; not now mined.

Siderite (iron carbonate). Occurs in association with the limonite ores in different parts of the State. An important ore formerly mined in eastern Pennsylvania with limonite. Now mined only in Carbon County, at Lehigh Gap, for paint. Formerly mined in Bedford, Clearfield, Cambria, Fayette, Fulton, Huntingdon, Mifflin, and Somerset counties; in the Lackawanna Valley and at Scranton; in Lycoming County, at Ralston. Sienna. Berks County, 1 mile east of Reading.

Slate. Adams County, formerly quarried near Pine Grove Furnace.

Quar

ried in the following localities: Lehigh County, Slatington. Northampton County, Bangor, Bath, Berlinsville, Chapman, Danielsville, Heimback, Nazareth, and Pen Argyl. York County, Delta and Peach Bottom.

Smithsonite (zinc carbonate). Blair County, Sinking Valley. Lancaster County, Lancaster zinc mines. Lehigh County, Friedensville zinc mines, with calamine and blende. Not worked alone as an ore.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Blair County, Sinking Valley, with galena and smithsonite. Bucks County, New Britain, with galena. Chester County, Phoenixville mines, with lead ores and in considerable quantity. Columbia County, Espy, in limestone. Lancaster County, Lancaster zinc mines and Pequea mine, with galena. Lehigh County, Friedensville zinc mines, Saucon Valley, with blende and smithsonite in limestone. Montgomery County, Perkiomen and Ecton mines near Audubon. Philadelphia County, Falls of Schuylkill. No longer worked.

Talc.

Chester County, was formerly obtained in West Goshen township, near
Unionville. Montgomery County, formerly quarried at Gladwyne and
Lafayette. Northampton County, quarried at Easton.

Titanium. See Rutile.

Trap rock. Triassic diabase or trap occurs in a number of the eastern counties. It occurs near and may be quarried in Adams County, near Gettysburg. Montgomery County, Greenlane, Perkiomenville, and Pottstown. York County, Yorkhaven. The term trap rock is used as a trade name incorrectly in Pennsylvania for indurated shale and sandstone, which are quarried at the following places: Berks County, Birdsboro. Bucks County, Bridge Valley, Cressman, Point Pleasant, Rock Hill, and Rushland. Chester County, Downingtown, Kennett Square, and West Chester. Dauphin County, Rockville. Delaware County, Glen Mills, Lenni Mills, Locksley, Radnor, and Wayne. Luzerne County, Wapwallopen. Montgomery County, Bethayres, Sumneytown, Northumberland County, Dalmatia. Perry County, Marysville. York County, Hanover. Tungsten minerals.

See Scheelite.

Umber. Berks County, Bethel. Bucks County, Buckingham Mountain. Northampton County, Quaker Hill.

Vanadium. See Carnotite.

Vermiculite (jefferisite). Chester County, Westtown Township, Brinton's

quarry.

Vesuvianite. Bucks County, near Hope.

Wad (bog manganese). Berks, Lehigh, Northampton, and other counties with limonite.

Wavellite. Chester County, formerly mined at Whitehouse. Cumberland County, formerly mined in vicinity of Moores Mill, 4 miles west of Mount Holly Springs, and used in the manufacture of phosphorus. In small quantities in white clay pits in South Mountain, associated with limonite ores in some residual iron-ore deposits, in Lehigh and Northampton counties. Northampton County, at Hellertown, good crystals in considerable quantity.

Whetstone. Lehigh County, made from Cambrian sandstones from South Mountain near Allentown.

Williamsite. Lancaster County, at Lom's mine near New Texas.

also found at Wood's mine in same vicinity.

Some was

Wulfenite (molybdate of lead). Chester County, Wheatley lead mines, Phoenixville. Lancaster County, Pequea mines. Montgomery County, Perkiomen and Ecton mines, near Audubon.

Yttrium. See Allanite.

Zinc.

See Calamine, Goslarite, Sauconite, Smithsonite, and Sphalerite.

RHODE ISLAND.

Agate. Providence County, occurs with chalcedony and quartz in southern portion of Diamond Hill, town of Cumberland.

Anthracite. See Coal.

Brown iron ore (limonite, brown hematite). Providence County, was mined at Cranston during Revolutionary times.

Brown iron ore (bog iron ore). Providence County, occurs 3 miles west of Foster Center, near State line.

Cement material (Portland). Limestone quarried in Providence County carries too much magnesia, and other areas of limestone are too small to be workable.

Chalcopyrite. Providence County, was prospected extensively, probably over a hundred years ago, near Sneech Pond, town of Cumberland.

Clay (brick). Bristol County, dug at Barrington and Nyatt. Providence County, old clay pits at Pawtuxet, town of Cranston, and west of Diamond Hill, town of Cumberland.

Clay (pottery). Newport County, reported on Block Island and at Newport Neck.

Coal (anthracite). Newport County, has been mined intermittently for a century at Portsmouth; three beds 1 to 3 feet thick, high percentage of ash, made impure by pyrite and quartz veinlets; hard to ignite, holds fire poorly; adapted for smelting but not successful steaming or domestic fuel. Has been mined also at Bristol, at Portsmouth station on western side of northern part of Aquidneck Island, Cranston, and Pawtucket. Attempts have been made to briquet coal produced at Portsmouth in recent years. Was once mined at Cranston for graphite, where most of this coal is graphitic.

Dolomite. Providence County, was quarried from several small occurrences and burnt for lime in towns of Lincoln, Johnston, North Providence, and Providence.

Flagstone. Sandstone suitable for flagging has been quarried at Pawtucket. Galena. Washington County, was once mined at Tower Hill, in Kingston, for molding dust for iron founders; 30 tons taken.

Granite. Newport County, has been quarried at Newport. Providence County, has been quarried at Ashton, near Providence, and Pascoag. Washington County, large quarries at Niantic and Westerly, for building and ornamental stone and paving blocks.

Graphite. Newport County, 200 tons mined about 4 miles south of Tiverton as basis for paint. Providence County, largest mine at Fenner Ledge, Cranston, near Providence, has produced several thousand tons; has been mined at Bridgeton, Pawtucket, and Valley Falls; several hundred feet of underground workings at latter place now full of water. Washington County, has been mined at Saunderstown.

Hematite. Providence County, occurs at Diamond Hill and Cranston,
See Brown iron ore, Hematite, and Magnetite.
See Galena.

Iron.

Lead.

Limestone. Providence County, is quarried and burned for lime at Limerock, town of Lincoln, and formerly near Centerdale.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite. Providence County, occurs with copper ore in veins in ancient mine at Sneech Pond and in Iron Mine Hill, 24 miles east of Woonsocket, as a prominent constituent of the gabbroid rock; beach sands on south shores; magnetite ore of Iron Mine Hill is very high in titanium. Manganese ore. Providence County, resembles knebelite; occurs in bed 40 feet thick, near Sneech Pond, town of Cumberland. See also Rhodonite and Wad.

Molybdenite.

Providence County; occurs in manganese ore near Sneech Pond, town of Cumberland.

Peat. In fresh and salt swamps in many parts of State, including Block Island, where it was much used for fuel.

Quartz. Providence County, constitutes southern portion of Diamond Hill, town of Cumberland; mainly milky quartz, but commonly banded; used for road material, for concreting, and for chicken grit.

Rhodonite. Providence County; occurs at Pawtucket and Sneech Pond. Road metal. Glacial bowlders of quartzite conglomerate, quartzite, green schist, and diorite are most commonly hauled to crusher or quarried direct from conglomerate occurrences. Scattered trap dikes from 1 foot to 10 feet wide along east slope of hills west of Smithfield station (not used), Snake Den, Woonsocket, north of Moosup Valley, Iron Mine Hill, Ironstone Reservoir. See also Quartz.

Sand and gravel. Large quantities utilized in concrete work in cities. Abundant throughout State.

Sandstone. For building (dimension stone), several quarries near Providence. Serpentine. Newport County, occurs at Newport. Providence County, occurs at Smithfield, Johnston, and North Providence.

Talc.

Providence County, quarried and ground at Manville.

Wad (bog manganese). Providence County, occurs at Sneech Pond, town of Cumberland.

Whetstones. Providence County, have been made in large quantities from mica slate at Smithfield and Woonsocket and from quartz-mica schist in Smithfield.