comparatively new one, and while it utilizes large quantities of worn-out rubber boots and shoes and other articles of this character from the scrap heaps of the United States, it has only taken in other parts of the world in recent years.

Importation. The effect of the Great War in Europe on the rubber importations of the United States has been remarkable. In 1913, the last year in which the figures can be considered as normal, the quantity of rubber imported was 113,384,359 pounds, valued at $90,170,316. In the fiscal year ended 30 June 1916, the importation was 267,775,557 pounds, valued at $155,044,790. Of the great total, 125,532,067 pounds came direct from the East Indies; 72,459,408 pounds from England - part of this being East Indian and Part South American production; 54,968,227 pounds from Brazil and 6,265,387 pounds from Peru and other South American countries; and 4,599,042 pounds from Mexico and Central America. In addition, the United States imported in the fiscal year 1914 15, 3,188,449 pounds of gutta-percha (1,204,406 pounds in 1913), nearly all from Straits Settlements; in 27,858,335 pounds of gutta-joolatong (45,345,338 pounds in 1913), of which 90 per cent came from Straits Settlements; 2,816,068 pounds of guayule rubber from Mexico (10,218,191 pounds in 1913); and 16,371,573 pounds of scrap or refuse for remanufacture (43,385,456 pounds in 1913), principally. from Canada and England.

See also CAOUTCHOUC; RUBBER MANUFACTURES, AMERICAN; RUBBER TREES.

Consult Brown, H., 'Rubber: Its Source, Cultivation and Preparation (London 1914); Pearson, H. C., Rubber Machinery) (New York 1915); Potts, H. E., The Chemistry of the Rubber Industry) (London 1912); Schidrowitz, P., 'Rubber) (London 1911); Seeligman, T. (and others), India Rubber and Gutta Percha (London 1910); 'Reports of the Fourth Rubber Congress) (London 1914).

RICHARD FERRIS.

INDIA RUBBER TREE, the name generally given to the Hevea Brasiliensis, the rubber tree par excellence. It is indigenous to the region of the River Amazon and in the tributary areas of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. The tree has been recently planted with great success, especially in Ceylon and Malaya. It is a large tree, of slow growth and long life. It has been found 12 feet in circumference. It requires low-lying, rich, deep soil and abundant moisture.. It grows wild in Brazil over an area estimated at 1,000,000 square miles; there, however, it does not grow in clumps, being found rather scattered through the tropical forest, but it is well adapted to cultivation as has been demonstrated within recent years in the East Indian Islands. There are several other trees which produce rubber, including the Manihot, which produces the Ceará rubber of commerce, but its habitat is a high, stony and arid country. This is also a native of Brazil, but of the region south of the Amazon. Castilloa, next to Hevea, the best known rubber producer, has its principal range in Central America and southern Mexico. Other trees which furnish rubber are the Hancornia speciosa, which produces the Mangabeira rubber of Brazil and species of

Sapium, also the Ficus elastica of Assam, the Funtumia elastica of Africa and vines of the genera Landolphia, Clitandra, Carpodinus and the guayule plant (Parthenum argentatum). INDIAN. See INDIANS, AMERICAN,

INDIAN AFFAIRS. In former years an idea was prevalent that the national government had always striven to dispossess the Indians from the lands they occupied, or had sympathized with such efforts. This was the exact reverse of the truth. From its foundation until now history presents an unbroken record of quarrels between Indians and bordering or interdwelling white settlers, in which the government has been slowly and reluctantly pushed on to interfere; sympathizing with and justifying the Indians against its own citizens, its commissioners usually reporting in their favor and even its generals in later days blaming the whites for the troubles; its courts deciding in their favor; attempting pacification amid local outcries against them, rebuffing appeals for aid and only using its armies to reduce the Indians and its administrative power to remove them when it was no longer politically possible to leave them in possession. Even then, it has meant to deal righteously by them; but the complexity of the problem -one may say its insolubility till the country was very strong and the Indians very weak along with the universal curse of "spoils" in the administration hindered success. Until 1887, there was no consistently formulated plan, but there has followed a sequence of government panaceas in a steadily descending line. First, there was to be one vast Indian reservation, large enough to give them all the hunting-room they needed and so far from the United States that our growth would never reach to them and create more troubles; then three great reservations, to prevent so formidable an Indian district and internecine Indian wars; then a number of small ones, to segregate hopelessly hostile tribes, enable better training for civilized existence, and protect them from depredations; lastly, no reservations, but severalty ownership and individual citizenship. These changes of policy have been due not to fickleness or visionary causes, but to broadening experience and varying conditions.

The policy of removing the Indians west of the Mississippi was first formulated by Jefferson, who in a proposed constitutional amendment (1803) set off the Louisiana Purchase north of the Arkansas as a pure Indian country, in which no land was to be sold to whites. This was carried out, on a much reduced scale, In the formation of Indian Territory (q.v.) by act of 30 June 1834; by another act of same date a superintendent of Indian affairs was appointed; no one to trade or settle in the Indian country without permission from him or his agents. Previous to this the Indian matters had been under the War Department; in 1849 they were transferred to the new Department of the Interior, of which they still form a bureau. Under the Commissioner of Indian Affairs are eight inspectors and a large variety of subordinate officials and employees. The Indian agents, though under his control, are appointed by the President for four years, with bonds; on their action depends often peace or war to great white populations, but in too many cases form

erly they were the football of politics and sometimes scandalously unfit for their places.

The legal theory, for some time, was that each tribe was a nation, but not a foreign nor independent one; a "domestic dependent nation," but with which, nevertheless, all intercourse was to be conducted through special commissioners appointed by the President. In 1871 Congress abolished this method of procedure, and substituted immediate Congressional control, but the fiction of Indian nations remained; nor, indeed, could any other system well be applied so long as the Indians were recognized as national wards, and could not be made a part of the regular republican system or thrown into the current of unrestricted competition. It was the general plan to let the larger and better advanced ones, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creeks and Seminoles (qq.v.), the five "nations" of the Indian Territory, govern themselves and thus develop political life, including a full judiciary system. But the smaller ones could not be thus left, even in leading-strings; and in all, the government has recognized its duty to watch over their ignorance, improvidence and savage instability of will and emotion from either violence or cunning on the part of the whites. Traders with them must have certificates of good character and be licensed by the Indian commissioner, and the goods they sell are subject to regulation; no one can hunt, cut timber or pasture cattle on Indian lands without the agent's permission; intoxicating liquors may not be sold to them. Still more important and beneficial is the educational work, which has not only been carried on by churches, missionary societies and private individuals from early times, but has been actively forwarded by the government. The five civilized nations of Indian Territory had their own school system, of considerable extent; but for others, and even for those where needed, the President was empowered in 1865 to appoint instructors of Indian children in reading, writing, arithmetic and agriculture, and in 1882 to appoint an inspector of Indian schools. See INDIAN, Edu

CATION OF THE.

From 1877, when a $20,000 appropriation was made for Indian schooling, to 1900, when over $3,000,000 was appropriated, over $35,000,000 had been thus expended by the government. It had spent since its foundation nearly $400,000,000 on the Indians, outside of the cost of wars against them; and the present expenditure is about $10,000,000 a year.

On 8 Feb. 1887 an act was passed, amended in 1890, to sweep away as soon as feasible, the system of tutelage and pauperization, in the belief that abolition was best for Indians and whites alike. All reservations were to be surveyed; all Indians who wished to take up lands in severalty to a certain amount might do so- and by the act become citizens, as well as all who had previously done so under treaties and Congressional enactments, over 10,000 in number. About 2,000 a year comply with the permission and many of these new citizens are made voters by their States; in 1915 there were over 24,000 such in the United States.

The total Indian population of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, on 30 June 1915 was 333,010. Exclusive of the five civilized tribes, including freedmen and intermarried

1 Exclusive of Five Civilized Tribes in Oklahoma and scattered Indians under Government jurisdiction, except where indicated.

The total area of Indian lands amounts to 68,102,691 acres in 224,713 allotments of which 34,768,430 acres are allotted, 33,334,261 are unallotted and 7,470 allotments comprising 1,077,257 acres, are public domain. The total annual income of 309,911 of the Indian population on reservations for the fiscal year ending 30 June 1915 was $23,193,046, comprising $4,790,968 of crops raised by Indians, $2,114,623 of stock sold, $1,177,000 worth of weaving, basketry, etc., manufactured by 27,297 Indians, $1,446,021 of cut timber, $2,304,339 worth of wages earned, $499,585 of rations and miscellaneous issues, $2,975,526 from leases, $3,571,855 from sales of lands, $2,125,787 interest on trust fund, $630,560 treaty and agreement obligations and $1,556,182 of Indian moneys, proceeds of labor and miscellaneous.

The progressive tendency of the present day has been reflected in the vigorous activity of the Indian Service branch of the Department of the Interior dealing, as it does, with the intricate complexities involved in the lives of over 333,000 members of the race, both as to the individual and to every phase of their social and industrial functions. Thoroughly convinced that their material and industrial prosperity is more closely attached to their landed interests, the development of agriculture and stock raising has been given an impetus never before undertaken. Not only their own moneys but reimbursable funds made available from appropriations by Congress have been invested in thousands of cattle and other live stock. The Indians are being taught how to make the best use of this wonderful asset and rapidly are realizing that from the farm and the range their material salvation must be obtained. A happy correlation of the instruction given in the schools is being made with the future environment of the boy and girl. The mere acquisition of knowledge is subordinated to the practical teaching of facts and laws which bear directly on everyday life on the farm and in the home. Poverty or dependence on others saps the energies of any individual. The Indian is no exception and the greatest work of the Indian Service is placed on his material advancement. As his herds increase and his lands produce, the

Indian becomes better prepared to assimilate the knowledge which comes from the study of books Love of home and domestic happiness follow as a natural consequence. In 1916, according to the report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, the birth rate among the Indians exceeded the death rate for the first time in half a century. The prime factors in bringing about this result are up-to-date hygiene and sanitation, modern methods of combating preventable diseases and the disappearance of the "medicine man." Better habitations are now provided and the infants of the race are safeguarded from birth according to the principles of modern science; hospitals of modern type are provided, displacing the medicine man and his incantations. In consequence of what is being done in educating the Indian to the importance of modern sanitation, tuberculosis, trachoma and other preventable diseases that formerly ravaged the tribes, are fast disappearing. In academic and vocational schools, equal to those of the most progressive white communities, the Indians are being taught the usual school subjects, the common trades, the principles of the government under which they live, good manners, proper living and the niceties of refined society. Consult Sells, C., '84th Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior' (Washington 1915). See also CHEROKEE; CHICKASAW; CHOCTAW; CREEKS; SEMINOLE INDIANS; INDIANS, AMERICAN; INDIAN RESERVATIONS.

Bibliography.- Treatment of Indians: Bourne, H. R. F., The Aborigines Protection Society: Chapters in its History' (London 1899); Casas, B. de las, 'Brave relacion de la destruccion de las Indias Occidentals' (Philadelphia 1821); Child, L. M. F., An Appeal for the Indians (New York 1868); Howitt, W., "Colonization and Christianity: A Popular History of the Treatment of Natives by Europeans in All Their Colonies' (London 1838); Beeson, J., A Plea for the Indians' (New York 1857); Beeson, J., Frauds and Cruelties Practised Upon Indian Tribes: Measures Necessary to Protect the Indians' (Philadelphia 1861); Huntington, F. D., (Two Ways of Treating the Indian Problem' (New York 18-); Leupp, F. E., 'In Red Man's Land' (New York 1914); McCoy, I., The Condition and Prospects of the American Indians' (Washington 1831); Methrose, P. F., Civilization and the Indian: the Assassination of Sitting Bull (New York 1891); Tibbles, T. H., 'Hidden Power: A Secret History of the Indian Ring) (New York 1881); Rand, J. H., The Indians of North Carolina and Their Relations with the Settlers' (Chapel Hill 1913).

Government Relations: Abel, A. H., The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist' (Cleveland 1915); and The History of Events Resulting in Indian Consolidation West of the Mississippi River (Washington 1908); Barrows, W. D., The Indian's Side of the Indian Question' (Boston 1887); Blanchard, N. C., The Indian Question' (Washington 1891); Burleigh, W. A., Indian Affairs' (Washington 1869); Butler, E., Our Indian Question (New York 1882); Condict, J. E., Is There Any Justice for Indians? (New York 1874); Copway, G., Organization of a New Indian Territory East of the Missouri

River' (New York 1850); Indian Rights Association, 'Its Objects, Achievements and Needs' (Philadelphia 1887); A Crisis in Indian Affairs (1891); A Dangerous Assault Upon the Integrity of the Civil Service Law in Our Indian Service' (1893); Jackson, H. M. F. H., A Century of Dishonor: the United States Government's Dealings With Some of the Indian Tribes' (Boston 1913); Leupp, F. E., 'The Indian and His Problem' (New York 1910); McKenzie, F. A., The Indian in Relation to the White Population of the United States) (Philadelphia 1908); Welsh, H., 'The Murrain of Spoils in the Indian Service' (New York 1898); and Indian Office: Wrong-doing and Reforms Needed'; Wharton, S., Plain Facts: An Examination Into the Rights of the Indian Nations' (Philadelphia 1781); United States Adjutant General's Office, 'Chronological List of Actions, etc., with Indians. From 1 January 1866 to January 1891) (Washington 1891).

INDIAN ASBURY UNIVERSITY. See DE PAUW UNIVERSITY.

INDIAN BEAN, a catalpa (q.v.); specifically the large southern tree (Catalpa catalpa), now planted as a shade or ornamental tree all over the country on account of the beauty of its masses of spring flowers and the quaint appearances in autumn of its long, bean-pod-like fruit.

INDIAN BIBLE, the first Indian translation of the Bible in the New England colonies. This translation was made in 1663 by John Eliot, "The Apostle to the North American Indians." It was in the dialect of the Naticks, a Massachusetts tribe of the Algonquins. A second revised and corrected edition was printed in 1685, only 12 copies of which are known_to exist. An edition with notes by P. S. Du Poneau, and an introduction by J. Pickering, was published in Boston in 1822. When the original edition was issued, 20 copies were ordered to be sent to England. A copy of the edition of 1663, with the Epistle Dedicatory, was sold in 1882 for $2,900.

INDIAN BREAD-ROOT, a plant of the genus Psoralea; the "large" was P. esculenta; the "small" P. hypogaa. See BREAD-ROOT.

INDIAN CORN. See CORN, INDIAN.

INDIAN DAY. Indian Day was observed for the first time in the United States in 1916. It is a recognition of the Indian race and intended to be of benefit to them in numerous ways. The census of June 1915, showed that there were 333,010 Indians in the United States. Only seven States have an Indian population of 10,000 or over. They are Arizona, California, Minnesota, Montana, Oklahoma, South Dakota and Washington. Oklahoma leads with 118,358. The expenditures of the United States on account of the Indians in the fiscal year ended 30 June, 1915, were $20,592,322.48. The government spent over $4,500,000 alone for the maintenance of Indian schools. Records show that 85 per cent of the total number of gainfully employed Indians are in seven occupation groups. The groups consist of agricultural laborers, farmers, stock raisers, lumbermen, raftsmen, woodchoppers, laborers in manufacturing and transportation, basket makers,

weavers, launderers and laundresses, servants and waiters.

INDIAN FIG. See PRICKLY PEAR.

INDIAN FIRE. See Bengal Light.

INDIAN FOLK TALES AND MYTHS. See FOLK TALES AND MYTHS OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN.

INDIAN HEAD, Canada, town in Saskatchewan, 40 miles east of Regina, on the Canadian Pacific Railroad. It has extensive grain-growing interests and numbers among its industrial establishments planing mills and lumber yards. The Dominion government maintains here an agricultural experiment station and a forestry school. Pop. 1,285.

INDIAN HEAD, (1) New Jersey, the highest point of the Palisades, 550 feet; so called because it resembles somewhat the head of an Indian. It is in Bergen County, on the Hudson River opposite Hastings, N. Y. (2) The name of a village in Fayette County, Pa. (3) A small town in Maryland, on the Potomac River, below Washington, the seat of a naval station.

INDIAN HEMP. Sometimes called Canada hemp. See APOCYANACEÆ,

INDIAN HIPPO, an American plant. See BOWMAN'S ROOT.

INDIAN HUMPED CATTLE, a species of East Indian oxen (Bos indicus), now known only in the domesticated state, distinguished by a high fatty hump on the withers, by the prevalent ashy gray color, large drooping ears, enormous dewlap and several structural peculiarities. They vary in size from those as large as a European ox to the smallness of a halfgrown calf. They are the working cattle and draft animals all over India and eastward, more or less locally, to China. They are venerated by the more pious sects of Hindus, especially certain privileged bulls, called Brahma or Brahminy bulls, which wander about the bazaars of cities unharmed and unchecked in their depredations upon market produce.

Humped cattle are known in Madagascar and in Abyssinia, and it has been suggested that the species were originally African. The Abyssinian form is a large animal with huge horns called "galla ox" or sunga, These animals seem to thrive only in hot countries.

INDIAN MADDER. See CHAY-ROOT.

INDIAN MUSIC. Every public ceremony and every important act in an Indian's life was accompanied by song. For each ceremony there existed a special class or type of song and songs for individual celebrations were similarly classified.

An Indian can determine at once the class of a strange song by the rhythm of the music. In structure, the Indian song follows the outline of the form which obtains in our own music a short melodic phrase built on related tones which are denominate chord lines, repeated with more or less variation, grouped into clauses and correlated into periods. The compass of songs varies from one to three octaves. Some songs have no words, vocables being used instead and when once set to a melody they are never changed. Plural singing is generally in unison, on the plains and else

where, the women using a high, reedy falsetto tone an octave above the male singers. Men and women having clear resonant voices and good musical intonation compose the choirs which lead the singing in ceremonies. Songs are the property of tribes, societies and individuals. Societies are most careful not to change a word of a song. Indian songs show the development of music, and as such, a study of them is of great historic value. Moreover, they offer to the composer a wealth of melodic and rhythmic movements, and that peculiar inspiration which heretofore has been attained solely from the folk songs of Europe.

Drums vary in size and structure and certain ceremonies in some cases evolved a peculiar type. Whistles of bone, wood or pottery are employed in some ceremonies. Pipes are of recent introduction but are now favorites. The flageolet is widely distributed and is played by young men during courtship, it also accompanies the songs of certain ceremonies. Rattles were universal and of many types. Consult Baker, 'Ueber die Musik des Nordamerikanischen Wilden' (1882); Cringan, 'Iroquois Folk-Songs' (Toronto 1902); Burton, F. R., American Primitive Music' (New York 1909); Tiersot, T., 'La musique chez les peuples indigènes de l'Amérique du Nord' (Paris 1910).

INDIAN MUTINY. The British occupation of India had been largely aided by native troops called Sepoys, who were enrolled under British officers in the service of the East India Company. At the close of Lord Dalhousie's sway in 1856, when the whole of India seemed to have been either reduced directly under British rule, or if retaining its native princes to have placed itself under British protection, the Sepoy mutiny, a contingency for which the government ought not to have been altogether unprepared, occurred. Previous symptoms of disaffection had not been wanting. Mutiny had on several occasions broken out in the native army, in a way to indicate how easily, through causes which Europeans, from their defective sympathy with native thought and feeling, could not anticipate these troops might be alienated; but, on the other hand, the general fidelity of the Sepoys merited confidence, and this feeling prevailed over any grounds of suspicion which might have been formed from isolated occurrences. The Sepoys in Bengal were mostly either Mohammedans, or Hindus of the Brahmanical or military castes. The recent annexations had alarmed the native chiefs, while the fanatical Hindus had been deeply offended by reforms, including the successive abolition of various rites of their worship. Two European regiments had been drafted off for the Crimean War, and had not been replaced. Others had been sent to Burma, and in the beginning of 1857 fresh regiments were despatched to Persia, so that only eighteen regiments were left in. all Northern India, of which nine were in the Punjab. In Oudh, where, from its recent annexation, disaffection was rife, there was only one British regiment, and Delhi and Allahabad, the two chief arsenals, were guarded by native troops. To add to these favorable circumstances a Hindu devotee had prophesied the termination of British rule at 100 years after the battle of Plassey. A slight incident sufficed

to give point and direction to a spirit of disaffection which so many circumstances tended to favor. At this time the Enfield rifle was introduced into the Bengal army. This rifle was loaded with a greased cartridge, the end of which required to be bitten off at the time of loading. By a natural inadvertence the authorities had neglected to consider how this seemingly trifling requirement might affect the easily excited sensitiveness of the Hindus in regard to caste, and this insignificant circumstance removed the last security, against a united movement of disloyalty among the native troops, by establishing a bond of sympathy between the Mohammedans and Hindus. A report got abroad that the cartridges were to be soaked in cow and pork fat. The prejudices of Hindus and Mohammendans were thus equally involved, and as this rumor rapidly spread, the excited imagination of the Sepoys conceived a conspiracy on the part of the government to convert them forcibly to Christianity, by compelling them to violate the laws of their own religion. When this grievance was explained it was at once removed, the manufacture of greased cartridges at Dumdum was stopped, and the men were instructed to grease them themselves with materials produced at the bazaars. Suspicion once aroused, however, was not to be allayed, and easily found a new object of contention. The paper of the new cartridges was glazed, and it was again alleged that grease was used in its manufacture. The spirit of disaffection became too deep-rooted for any measures of conciliation. Conferences among the disaffected gave rise to ambitious schemes and the original grievances became a pretext in the hands of unscrupulous leaders, whose excesses debarred them even from the plea of patriotism, to extirpate the British power in India. On 26 February the first overt act of mutiny took place at Berhampur, when a regiment refused to receive their cartridges. Another dangerous outbreak took place at Barrackpur on 29 March. The arrival of a British regiment from Burma and the disbandment of the disaffected regiments was thought to have ended the trouble, but it soon became evident that disaffection, which had only wanted an occasion, was spreading rapidly not only among the Sepoys, but among the Hindus generally. Another outbreak took place on 2 May, near Lucknow, when a regiment of cavalry were, by some oversight of the government's instructions, ordered to bite their cartridges. Sir Henry Lawrence succeeded by a show of force in disarming it. A more formidable outbreak occurred about the same time at Meerut, 35 miles northeast of Delhi, when the mutineers, with the assistance of the native inhabitants, indiscriminately massacred the Europeans and escaped to Delhi. The advance-guard of the mutineers reached Delhi on 11 May, and at once entered the city, where they were assisted by the king's servants in massacring the Europeans. The native troops cantoned outside the city in the meantime joined the main body of the mutineers, and assisted in massacring their European officers. About 50 Europeans sought refuge in the palace and placed themselves under the protection of the king, who had placed himself on the throne of the Moguls. These, after some days, were coolly murdered in an open court in presence of a general concourse of spectators, conspicuous

among whom was Mirza Mogul, the king's eldest son, who had assumed the title of commander-in-chief. The magazine at Delhi had been blown up by its defenders; but the explosion was only partial, and most of its contents fell into the hands of the mutineers. European troops were now summoned from all quarters. Several regiments were detached from an expedition which was proceeding under Lord Elgin to China, and the Persian War having been concluded, the troops engaged there were immediately recalled. When intelligence of these events reached the Punjab, the mutinous spirit which prevailed among the large body of Hindustani troops there was promptly subdued by disarmament. The Sikhs, though the Punjab had been so recently annexed, continued faithful. But the revolt had spread rapidly elsewhere, and British authority was almost extinct, throughout the Bengal presidency. Everywhere the mutiny was attended with savage excesses outraged, and Europeans, without distinction of age or sex, barbarously murdered. Sir Hugh Wheeler, at Cawnpore, was betrayed by Nana Sahib, maharajah of Bithur, who after offering aid, took the mutineers into his pay, and raising the Mahratta standard, besieged Cawnpore. The siege, or rather bombardment, lasted from 7-24 June, when a capitulation was agreed to, on a sworn promise of Nana Sahib to allow the garrison to retire to Allahabad. But as the embarkation was proceeding the boats were attacked by the Nana's troops and the men indiscriminately massacred. The women and children were for the meantime made prisoners. Sir Henry Lawrence was besieged in Lucknow, where he died on 4 July, from a wound received in a sortie.

women were

Meanwhile mutineers had been converging on Delhi, and British reinforcements were hastening to the besieging camp on the ridge above the city. After protracted operations and repeated reinforcements on both sides, Delhi was taken by assault, 14-20 September. Sir Henry Havelock, who had been engaged in the Persian campaign, had arrived in Calcutta, and immediately set out for Allahabad, to commence operations for the relief of Lucknow and Cawnpore. While his force was victoriously advancing on Cawnpore, Nana Sahib on 15 July barbarously massacred his prisoners, consisting of 210 women and children. Havelock was succeeded in the command, at Lucknow, by Sir James Outram, who held it till relieved by Sir Colin Campbell, on 17 November. At first it was feared that the mutiny might extend to the Bombay and Madras presidencies, and from this cause and the occupation of the troops in Bengal, the mutineers had been left unchecked in Central India. At length columns organized in these presidencies entered Central India, and were united under Sir Hugh Rose. By the operations of these commanders the brave Rani of Jhansi, who died fighting at the head of her troops, was defeated, and Tantia Topi, whose military capacity had prolonged Nana Sahib's resistance, was captured and the mutiny was finally suppressed. The war was substantially closed by June 1858, although the complete pacification of Oudh was not effected till the end of the year. During the mutiny the Sikhs and Gurkhas remained loyal; and the bulk of the population was at least passively so. The sup