these pamphlets was to give a humorous account, from the Tory point of view, of the events leading up to the negociations for peace, and to recommend the proposals which were ultimately embodied in the Treaty of Utrecht The Lord Strutt was the late King of Spain; John Bull, the English; Nicholas Frog, the Dutch; Lewis Baboon, the French King; Philip Baboon, the Duke of Anjou; Esquire South, the King of Spain; Humphrey Hocus, the Duke of Marlborough; and Sir Roger Bold, the Earl of Oxford. (The law-suit was the War of the Spanish Succession; John Bull's first wife was the late Ministry, and his second wife the present Tory Ministry.) In an allegory thus thinly veiled the story is told with great humour of the origin of the law-suit; of its success, which caused John Bull to contemplate leaving off his trade to turn lawyer; of the discovery that Hocus had an intrigue with John's wife; of the attorney's bill, which made John angry; and of the methods adopted by the lawyers to dissuade him from making an end of the law-suit by accepting a composition.

Arbuthnot appears to have been the first to apply the name John Bull to the English people, and he drew the character, which has ever since been accepted as a type, of this honest, plain-dealing fellow, choleric, bold, and of a very inconstant temper. He was not afraid of the French; but he was apt to quarrel with his best friends, especially if they pretended to govern him. If he was flattered he could be led like a lamb. He was quick, and understood his business well; but he was careless with his accounts, and was often cheated by partners and servants. He loved his bottle and his diversion, and no man spent his money more generously. He was generally ruddy and plump, with a pair of cheeks like a trumpeter.

On the 14th of March Swift wrote that he had been bothered by Dr. Freind, who wanted the post of physician

general, held by old Dr. Lawrence. The reasonableness of the application had been so much pressed that he was convinced it was very unreasonable, and so he would have told St. John, if he had not already made him speak to the Queen. Besides, I know not but my friend Dr. Arbuthnot would be content to have it himself, and I love him ten times better than Freind.' On the 15th and 19th Swift met Arbuthnot and other friends at night at Lord Masham's; and on the 17th he notes that 'the second part of Law is a Bottomless Pit is just now printed1, and better, I think, than the first.' This second part was called John Bull in His Senses, and dealt with the doctrine of nonresistance, the Barrier Treaty, Lord Nottingham's hostility to the peace, and the arguments used on the same side by Marlborough, Godolphin and Cowper, guardians to John's three daughters by his first wife (War, Discord, and Usury), and by the King of Spain.

The leading statesmen and writers of the Tory party were members of a Society, and called one another Brother. Swift often alludes to their weekly meetings 2. Thus on the 27th of March he writes: 'Society-day. You know that, I suppose. Dr. Arthburnott 3 was president.

His dinner was dressed in the Queen's kitchen, and was mighty fine. We ate it at Ozinda's coffee-house, just by St. James's. We were never merrier, nor better company, and did not part till after eleven... I met Lord Treasurer to-day at Lady Masham's. He would fain have carried me home to dinner. No, no; what! upon a Society-day! 'Tis rate, sollahs; I an't dlunk. Nite, MD.' 4.

John Bull still in His Senses: Being the Third Part of Law is a Bottomless Pit, appeared in April 5, when Swift

Advertised in the Examiner for March 13-20. The second edition was advertised in the Daily Courant for March 21.

2 Journal, Nov. 29, Dec. 6, 13, 20 and 27, 1711; Jan. 3 and 10; Feb. 14, 21 and 28; March 6-13 and 20;

May 10 and 31; Oct. 30; Dec. 12, 13 and 18, 1712.

3 So spelt in the MS.; cf. p. 38. 4 Forster's Life of Swift. 422.

5 Advertised in the Examiner for April 10-17, and in the Post Boy for April 15-17.

was ill. On the title-page of this pamphlet it was stated, in order to remove suspicion from the real author, that it was 'published (as well as the two former Parts) by the author of the New Atalantis,' the notorious Mrs. Manley, who was then carrying on the Examiner, and otherwise helping the Tories. There was, too, a Publisher's Preface, with a few words about Sir Humphry Polesworth, the supposed author. In this pamphlet we have an account of John Bull's honoured mother (the Church of England); of his sister Peg (the Scotch Church and nation), and her lover Jack (Presbyterianism); of the early quarrels of John and Peg; their reconciliation (the Treaty of Union); and their subsequent disagreements. The remaining chapters refer chiefly to the history of the Partition Treaty; to the services rendered to his country by Oxford; to troubles in connection with the Church; and to the difficulties experienced in negociating for the peace.

An Appendix to John Bull Still in His Senses: Or, Law is a Bottomless Pit, appeared in May. Swift wrote on the 10th, 'The appendix to the third part of John Bull was published yesterday1; it is equal to the rest. I hope you read John Bull. It was a Scotch gentleman, a friend of mine, that writ it; but they put it upon me'; and at the end he repeated, 'Well! but you must read John Bull: Do you understand it at all?' A month later he said: 'John Bull is not wrote by the person you imagine. It is too good for another to own. Had it been Grub Street, I would have let people think as they please; and I think that's right: Is it not?' The Appendix is occupied with a history of the differences between Church and Dissent, and of the Bill against Occasional Conformity.

At the end of July the last of the series was published: Lewis Baboon turned Honest, and John Bull Politician.

'Advertised in the Examiner for May 1-8, and to be published 'to

morrow,'-in the Post Boy for May

6-8.

Being the Fourth Part of Law is a Bottomless Pit1. On the 7th of August Swift wrote: 'Have you seen the fourth part of John Bull? It is equal to the rest, and extremely good. This pamphlet dealt further with the discussions at the meeting at the Salutation Tavern (Congress of Utrecht); with the settlement of accounts between John Bull and Nic. Frog; with the uproar at home about the Succession; and with the private negociations with the French. These negociations led to the Duke of Ormond withdrawing his troops from those of the Allies (who afterwards sustained several defeats), and to the occupation by the English-in spite of remonstrances from the Dutch-of Dunkirk, which was handed over by the French as a pledge of good faith. At the end of the pamphlet was a note referring to matters reserved for the next Volume'; but when the work appeared in a collected form in 1727 this note had given place to a postscript containing the headings of a number of chapters which, if written, would have formed a continuation of the History 3.

In July Swift wrote to Mrs. Hill, 'We are assured that you keep a constant table, and that your guests leave you with full stomacks and full pockets; that Dr. Arbuthnot sometimes leaves his beloved green cloth to come and receive your chidings, and pick up your money.'

1 Examiner, July 24-31; Post Boy, July 29-31 (‘This day,'—Thursday, the 31st).

Peter Wentworth wrote to Lord Strafford: 'I have heard this part much commended, but in my poor opinion I think the humour flags and does not come up to the two first, tho' the Author is the same, who I din'd with t'other day and by his friend's sly commendation of the admirable banter, and his silence, 'twas plain to me he had a secreet pleasure in being the reputed Authour' (Wentworth Papers, p. 294).

3 In 1712 Curll published A Complete Key to the Three Parts of Law is a Bottomless Pit, and the St. Albans Ghost, and afterwards A Complete Key to all the Parts of Law is a Bottomless Pit, &c. This pamphlet contained an Epigram on John Bull's Law-suit, a key to all the parts of 'John Bull' and the Story of the St. Alban's Ghost,' and keys to 'The History of Prince Mirabel' (3 parts) and to 'The History of the Proceedings of the Mandarins and Proatins of the Britomartian Empire,' two lengthy political allegories.

Next month Swift wrote to General Hill, Mrs. Hill's husband, and now Governor of Dunkirk, about a fine snuff-box which the General had sent to him. 'My Lord Treasurer, who is the most malicious person in the world, says you ordered a goose to be drawn at the bottom of my box as a reflection upon the clergy, and that I ought to resent it. But I am not angry at all, and his Lordship observes by halves; for the goose is there drawn pecking at a snail, just as I do at him, to make him mend his pace in relation to the public, altho' it is hitherto in vain: And besides, Dr. Arbuthnot, who is a scholar, says, you meant it as a compliment for us both; that I am the goose who saved the Capitol by my cackling; and that his Lordship is represented by the snail, because he preserves his country by delays.'

The elections were to take place in Scotland on the 14th of August, consequent upon the excitement caused by the introduction of Bills for the toleration of the episcopal clergy and for the restoration of patronage, and on the Ist the Earl of Mar, Secretary for Scotland, received orders from the Lord Treasurer to set out at once for Edinburgh, in the Queen's service. It appears from a letter to Arbuthnot ('Good Doctor'), written on the 2nd, that this mission interfered with some plans, the precise nature of which is unknown to us1.

The two following letters to Dr. Charlett refer to his

This bauks my fancy mightily, for I thought of being with you at Windsore to-morrow & you may easilie believe I'm very impatient to wait on my L Mashame &c., and know what I'm to expect in that affair. I beg you may give the inclosed to my Lord Mashame & let him know the reason of my going so abruptly & indeed unmanerly to him. It was not in my power to help it, for on the one hand I could not tel Ld Treasurer the reason of my aversness to going & on the other

E

I was affraid the Queen wou'd have been angrie wth me, thinking it was wt designe to make the election fail in what she inclined to.' Perhaps, Mar continued, his absence for a little time would do no hurt, as it would enable Lady Masham to 'prepair the two great people for that affair the better,' with less 'noise. He sent his humble duty to her, and, if it be not offensive, to Mrs. Hill'; and thanked Arbuthnot for his good offices (Mr. Baillie's MSS.).