Thirteen of the twenty-two votes cast in favor of the proposal were by men from northern states, eight by men from southern, and one from a foreign country. Eleven men from northern states, eight native delegates and five men from the South,-twenty-four in all -voted against it.1

Another vote was then taken on the boundary drawn up by Gwin and Halleck, and it was adopted for the second time. Twenty-four votes were cast in favor of it. Eleven northerners, eight natives and five southerners voted for the measure; thirteen northerners, eight southerners and one foreigner voted against it.2 A vote was then taken on Jones's proposal, which it will be remembered contained two parts-the first recommending the 120th degree of west longitude, and the second, if Congress would not accept that, offering the 112th degree as the eastern boundary. There were thirteen votes for the proposition and thirty-one against it. Among the former, eight were cast by northern and five by southern men; among the latter, sixteen were cast by northerners, seven by natives, seven by southerners and one by a foreigner. Hill's proposal, making the 115th degree of west longitude the eastern limit, received twenty-four votes in its favor and twenty-two against it. Of the former, ten were cast by northerners, nine by southerners, four by natives and one by a foreigner. Against it were fifteen northerners, four southerners and three natives."

One more attempt was made to have the Gwin-Halleck, or extreme eastern boundary adopted, but it was rejected. Of the eighteen votes in favor of it, eight were cast by northern men, six by natives and four by southerners. Fourteen northerners, eight southerners, one native and one foreigner opposed the measure.

The final vote was then taken on the first clause of Jones's proposal, recommending the boundary as it was finally established. It was adopted by thirty-two to seven. Eighteen northerners, ten southerners, three natives and one foreigner voted for it. Three northerners, two southerners and two natives voted against it."

'Browne, Debates.

Ibid., 440-441.

Ibid., 456.

*Ibid., 457.

Ibid., 458.

7. Conclusion

It will thus be seen that in every vote cast the majority of the southern delegates favored the smaller boundary. In the first case, the Hastings proposal, offering the 118th degree of west longitude,-eight voted for, and five against it. The same proposal when it came up the next day received the vote of the eight southern delegates who had formerly supported it, and was opposed by the same southerners, five, who had formerly voted against it. Shannon's proposal was supported by seven southerners and was opposed by four from that section. Practically the same eastern boundary, the 120th degree of west longitude,-offered by McDougal was supported by eight southerners while five from the South rejected it. The second vote on the Gwin-Halleck proposal had resulted in five for and eight against it. Five were cast for and seven against the double proposal offered by Jones. Up to this point the five southern delegates who had stood out for the extreme eastern boundary were Gwin, Hobson, Hollingsworth, Jones and Moore. Moore did not vote on Shannon's proposition. Jones's proposal, however, was rejected by Gwin. Hoppe, a southern delegate who had voted for the more contracted boundary, supported the proposition. Hill's proposal,-the 115th degree of west longitude, was supported by nine southern delegates and rejected by four. Gwin voted against it and Jones for it. In the third vote on the Gwin-Halleck proposition four southerners were for it and eight against it. The first clause of Jones's proposal was supported by ten southern votes. The two southerners who voted against it were Hill and Hobson. Hill had formerly voted for the contracted boundary; Hobson, however, had consistently opposed it.

This evidence seems to show conclusively that the debate and the votes had no sectional character. The majority of the delegates who had immigrated to California from southern states were not only not fighting to have the Convention adopt boundaries so extensive that the constitution would be rejected by Congress, but they were actually contending against that very thing. Every time they had a chance to express themselves by their votes-with the possible but not probable exception of the first vote taken on the GwinHalleck proposal, where the names of the voters were not given-the majority of them opposed the extreme eastern boundary. Even

when Jones submitted his double proposition making the 112th degree of west longitude a proviso clause to be considered by Congress only in case that body should absolutely refuse to accept the new state with contracted limits, the majority of the delegates from southern states voted against it. And the motive which seems to have actuated them, as the rest, was a desire to obtain immediate admission to statehood.

THE RETREAT OF THE SPANIARDS FROM NEW MEXICO IN 1680, AND THE BEGINNINGS OF EL PASO

II

CHARLES WILSON HACKETT

IV. THE RETREAT OF THE TWO DIVISIONS TO LA SALINETA

Having despatched the above letter to Parraga with orders for the Rio Abajo people to wait for him, no other autos were drawn up by Otermín and no further communication passed between the two divisions until the northern refugees joined those at Fray Cristóbal on September 13. With all the survivors of the province united in one body, Otermín determined to call a council of all the officers and men of experience and prestige in his camp, that they might help to decide what ought to be done in the light of present conditions. Accordingly, on the same day this decision of the governor was made public in the camp by voice of the public crier. After the meeting was assembled, the first to avail themselves of the opportunity which Otermín gave for all to express their opinions, were eight of the missionaries. They stated briefly, though characteristically, that as "liege vassals of his majesty, and as his ministers in those parts for the administration of the Holy Sacrament, and for instructing in the Holy Faith both Spaniards and natives" they were willing "without any repugnance to follow the person of his Excellency and the royal standard in whatever resolution or determination he and the other persons might agree upon.'

Following the religious a joint statement was made and signed by the maestres de campo, Francisco Gómez Robledo, Thome Domínguez de Mendoza, Juan Domínguez de Mendoza,

"Autto (de Otermín)," in Auttos tocantes, 32-33.

Auto of Xavier, in Auttos tocantes, 33.

Auto of the Religious at Fray Cristóbal, in Auttos tocantes, 34. This auto was signed by the following: Father Nicolás Hurtado, Father Gómez de la Cadena, Father Antonio de Sierra, Father Thomas de Tobalina, Father Francisco Muñoz, Father Juan de Zaballeta, Father Joseph de Bonillo, Father Andrés Duran.

Diego de Trujillo, and the lieutenant-general, Alonso García. After summarizing the events of the retreat, they agreed that because of the miserable condition of all, and especially of so many women and children, and since there was little prospect of any alleviation of their hunger, or any way to avenge or restrain the taunts of the enemy in that desert place, the retreat should be continued; and that after the defenseless ones had been established in a place of safety, a reconquest should be attempted, though they feared this would be difficult, since the enemy was in possession of a great many firearms and other weapons.1 This opinion having been read, it was agreed to by sixteen sarjentos mayores, captains and soldiers. Lastly, in much the same tone, the Cabildo of Santa Fé went on record as conforming with the decision expressed by the maestres de campo.3 The main reasons stated by this body had all been stressed by others who had preceded them. But the Cabildo in addition emphasized the fact that for the 2500 persons in the camp, of whom only one hundred were soldiers, there were less than twenty fanegas of corn; and it was pointed out that it would be necessary to send to the jurisdictions of the Mansos Indians to secure provisions, because the enemy was possessed of all the sources of supply within a radius of forty leagues from the camp where it then was. For these and other manifest reasons they were in favor of proceeding to a place of safety. After reaching such a place, they thought, the viceroy should be asked for reënforcements so that the reconquest of the province could be attempted.

Having heard the opinions thus expressed by the principal men in the army, being in great need of supplies, "in a place where the earth was so parched and notched" that no pasture could be found for the cattle, and for many other reasons, Otermín would doubtless have ordered the army to proceed at once but for a letter which he received from Father Ayeta. This letter was written from the "Passo" on September 8. From it Otermín learned

'Auto of the maestres de campo at Fray Cristóbal, in Auttos tocantes, 34-35.

"Auto of the sarjentos mayores and others at Fray Cristóbal, in Auttos tocantes, 35-36.

"Paraser del Cavdo (de Santa Fé)," in Auttos tocantes, 37-38. 'Ayeta mentions having learned through a letter written to him by García of Otermín's escape. This was evidently the letter of September