annexed, together with its territory, to the papal dominions. The siege of this place by the Russians, Turks and Austrians, in 1799, was remarkable, because the Russian colors, first planted on the walls of A., were pulled down by the Austrian soldiers, which gave occasion to the unfortunate dissensions of the emperor Paul with the allies. Since 1815, the citadel only has remained fortified.

ANCUS MARTIUS, the fourth king of Rome, succeeded Tullus Hostilius, 640 B. C. (114 A. U.) and died 618 B. C. (136 4. U.) He built the harbor at Ostia, the mouth of the Tiber. Rome, therefore, must have had, as early as that period, some navigation, even if it did not amount to more than a coasting trade. He revived the neglected observance of religion, and inscribed the laws respecting religious ceremonies on tables set up in the market-place. Ennius and Lucretius call him the Good. Virgil reproaches him with undue regard for popular favor, because he distributed the conquered lands among the citizens.

ANDA; a tree of Brazil, the wood of which is spongy and light, the flower yellow and large, and the fruit a gray nut, which encloses two kernels, of the taste of chestnuts, in a double rind. The fruit is said to be purgative. Oil is pressed from these kernels, with which the natives anoint their limbs. The rinds of the fruit, thrown into ponds, kill the fish. ANDALUSIA (ancient Batica); a province of Spain, divided into Upper and Lower. Upper A. comprehends Grenada; Lower A. comprehends Jaen, Cordova and Seville. A. is the most western province of Spain, and is bounded N. by Estremadura and La Mancha; E. by Murcia; S. by the sea and the straits of Gibraltar; and W. by Portugal; 170 miles long, and 180 wide. It is, without doubt, one of the finest, the richest and most fertile parts of Spain, producing abundance of oil and grain, also honey, sugar, silk and wine. Its herds of cattle are numerous, and its horses are esteemed the best in the kingdom. The inhabitants are descended, in part, from the Saracens, and differ much from the natives of Castile, and other parts of Spain, in their physiognomy and character. Pop., in 1787, 78,153. Its chief cities are Seville and Cadiz. (See Grenada.)

ANDANTE (music) denotes a time somewhat slow, and a performance distinct and exact, gentle and soothing. Andantino stands between andante and allegretto, at least according to the common

notion; some assert that andantino implies a little slower motion than andante. The andante requires a delicate performance.

ANDES, called by the Spaniards Cordilleras de los Andes, are an immense chain of mountains, extending throughout South America from north to south, generally at the distance of about 150 miles from the western coast. They extend from cape Pilares, in the straits of Magellan, northwards to the isthmus of Darien. A mountainous ridge passes through the isthmus of Darien, dividing farther north into various branches, styled the Cordilleras of Mexico. To the north of Mexico the principal range takes the name of the Rocky mountains, and reaches to the Frozen ocean, the northern limits of the American continent. These are by many considered as parts of one continued range, but the term Andes is usually limited to the mountains in South America.The Andes differ greatly in their general aspect and character, being in some parts blended together into an entire mass, and in others, divided into two or three distinet ridges. In Chili, they are about 120 miles in breadth, presenting numerous summits of prodigious height. To the north, they diverge in a straggling manner; and in Peru, they are formed into three irregular ridges, which continue to about lat. 6° S., where they are formed into a single chain. They divide again, in Quito, into two chains; and farther north, between lat. 2° and 5° N., they are formed into three parallel ridges, which are again blended together between lat. 6° and 7° N.-Between the two ridges in Quito, there is a plain from 5 to 6 leagues in breadth, of great fertility, well cultivated, and thickly settled, having populous towns, and though under the equator, yet, owing to its great elevation, which is about 9000 feet above the sea, it possesses a temperate and delightful climate.

The Andes are the highest mountains in America, and, next to the Himmaleh mountains, the most elevated in the known world. They are composed, in a great part, of porphyry, and abound in the precious metals. Many of them are volcanic, and there are numerous summits which are covered with perpetual snow. The medium height of the range, under the equator, may be estimated at about 14,000 feet above the level of the sea, while that of the Alps hardly exceeds 8000.-The following table exhibits some of the highest summits, with their elevation above the level of the sea.

the north parish is an academy styled Franklin academy. The south parish contains the theological seminary, and an academy styled Phillips academy, which was founded in 1778. The theological seminary was founded in 1807, and is very liberally endowed. It has a pleasant, healthy and elevated situation, which commands a beautiful and extensive prospect. The buildings consist of dwellinghouses for the professors; a steward's house, containing a dining-hall; and 3 public edifices of brick. The library contains upwards of 5000 volumes. There are 4 professors. The number of stucents is now about 120.-The course of education is completed in 3 years. As qualifications for admission, the constitution requires a liberal education, and testimonials of good character and talents. Tuition and room-rent are afforded free of expense to all, and the charity funds give support to such as are indigent. A public examination is held on the 4th Wednesday of September. There are 2 vacations, of 5 weeks each.

ANDRE, major J.; an adjutant-general in the British army in N. America during the revolutionary war. He was originally a merchant's clerk. Employed to negotiate the defection of the American general Arnold, and the delivery of the works at West Point, he was apprehended in disguise, Sept. 23, 1780, within the American lines, and sent prisoner to general Washington, who submitted his case to the examination and decision of a board of general officers, consisting of major-general Greene, William Alexander (lord Stirling), the marquis de la Fayette, &c. The board declared him a spy from the enemy, and, agreeably to the law and usage of nations, he was langed at Tappan, in New York, Oct. 2, 1780. A monument is erected to his memory in Westminster abbey. He is the author of a poem entitled The Cow Chase. (See Arnold.)

ANDREA DEL SARTO. (See Sarto.) ANDREOSSY, Antoine François, count; a French general, great-grandson of the renowned François Andreossy; died in 1688. He was the engineer who finished the canal of Languedoc, from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean, was born at Castel-Naudary, in 1761, and, in 1781, was lieutenant in the French artillery. In 1797, he distinguished himself, as commander of the gun-boats, upon the lake of Mantua, at the siege of this fortress. In later times, he made himself conspicuous, in the French expedition to Egypt,

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by his learned writings, as a member of the national institute at Cairo, particularly on mathematics. He was sent as French ambassador to London, after the peace of Amiens; afterwards, to Vienna, and at last to Constantinople. In 1814, the king recalled him from this post. In 1815, he was again employed by Napoleon, during the "hundred days." Besides his Mémoire sur l'Irruption du PontEuxin dans la Mediterranée, and his Mėmoire sur le Système des eaux qui abreuvent Constantinople, his work on the Bosphorus and the Turkish empire is esteemed good.

ANDREW, St.; brother of St. Peter, and the first disciple whom Christ chose. Both brothers were fishermen, but left their business, and followed the Redeemer. The fate of A., after Christ's death, is uncertain; the common opinion is, that he was crucified. The Russians revere him as the apostle who brought the gospel to them; the Scots, as the patron saint of their country. In the early ages of the church, a pretended Gospel of his was in circulation. The Acta, also, which bear his name, are not genuine. The order of St. A. is one of the highest orders of the empire of Russia, instituted by Peter the Great, in 1697. -For the Scottish knights of St. A., see Thistle.

ANDREW's, St.; an important city of Scotland, on the Firth of Tay, 39 miles from Edinburgh; W. lon. 2° 50′; N. lat. 56° 19′. It is about a mile and a half in circuit, consisting of 3 principal streets; 2 churches of the kirk of Scotland, one Episcopalian, two Dissenting meetinghouses, and a university, having two colleges-St. Salvador's and St. Mary's. Pop. 3300. It is a royal burgh, and returns, in union with 4 other places, one member to parliament. St. A. was formerly a place of considerably greater extent than at present. The iconoclastic zeal of the reformers, in the year 1559, levelled with the ground its noble cathedral. Ruins of several ancient buildings are still to be seen. The university was founded in 1412. The number of students, at both colleges, has never been known to exceed 300, and they do not, at this time, amount to 200.

ANDREW, St., cross of; a cross of the form X, because, according to tradition, St. A. was executed on a cross which had this shape, Nov. 30, A. D. 83, at Patras, in Achaia.

ANDREWS, Lancelot, bishop of Winchester, in the reigns of James I and Charles I, was born in London, 1565.

He is particularly known by one of his works, Tortura Torti (1609), which he wrote against a publication of cardinal Bellarmine, under the fictitious name of Matthew Tortus, in which the cardinal had attacked James' Defence of the Rights of Kings. His works best known at present are, a volume of Sermons, 1628-31, fol. 1642; the Moral Law expounded, or Lectures on the Ten Commandments, 1642, fol.; Collection of Posthumous and Orphan Lectures, delivered at St. Paul's and St. Giles', London, 1657, fol.

ANDRIEUX, François Guillaume Jean Stanislas, one of the most distinguished modern French dramatic poets, born at Strasburg, May 6, 1759, was, before the revolution, secretary of the duke of Uzès. By his zeal for true liberty during the revolution, by his firm adherence to the constitution, and by his constant support of the rules of natural right, he was not less distinguished, than by his easy wit, and the striking characters and fine poetry contained in his numerous literary works. His writings sometimes want finish, particularly in respect to the language. In 1798, he entered the legislative body, as deputy of the department of the Seine, where he made a conspicuous figure by his speeches, and motions respecting the establishment of primary schools, the liberty of the press, and the murder of the ambassadors at Rastadt. After the 18th Brumaire, he became tribune; July 21, 1800, secretary; and, in September, president of the tribunate. He declared himself with zeal and firmness against the anti-constitutional measures of the first consul and of the senate, until 1802, when he was obliged to resign. Nevertheless, the emperor afterwards made him knight of the legion of honor, and professor of literature at the Collège de France, and of belles-lettres at the polytechnic school. In 1816, the king admitted him a member of the French academy. His principal work of classical reputation, is Anaximander, a play in one act. His Les Étourdis is also very popular. He is likewise the author of Molière avec ses Amis. His Eramen Critique du Théatre des Grecs is highly

valued.

ANDROCLUS, OF ANDRODUS; a Dacian slave, who being exposed to a lion in the circus, the animal forbore to hurt him, because he had formerly taken a thorn out of his foot. He was, in consequence, liberated, and led the lion about the streets of Rome.-Aul. Gel. 1. v. c. 14. El. Hist. An. 1. vii. c. 48.

ANDROIDES (from rie, a man, and eïdoc, form); a figure of human shape, which, by certain machinery, is made to perform some of the natural motions of a living man.

ANDROMACHE; daughter of Eetion, king of Thebes in Cilicia, and wife of Hector. (q. v.) After the conquest of Troy, she became the prize of Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, who carried her to Epirus, and had 3 sons by her, but afterwards left her to Helenus, brother of Hector, to whom she bore a son. Euripides has made her the chief character of a tragedy.

ANDROMEDA; daughter of the Ethiopian king Cepheus, and of Cassiopeia. The mother and daughter were very beautiful. The former having boasted that her daughter surpassed the Nereides (if not Juno herself) in beauty, the of fended goddesses called on their father to revenge the insult. He not only inundated the territory of Cepheus, but also sent a horrid sea-monster, which threatened universal destruction. The oracle declared that the wrath of Neptune could not be appeased, unless Cepheus delivered his daughter to the monster. In this extremity, Perseus beheld her, when, with the head of the Gorgon in his hand, and mounted on Pegasus, he was returning from his victory over Medusa. Touched by compassion and love, the hero promised to kill the monster on condition that the virgin should be given him in marriage. The father promised it, and kept his word. In memory of the exploits of Perseus (q. v.), A., by the favor of Pallas, was placed among the stars.

ANDRONICUS of Cyresthes; a Greek architect, celebrated for having constructed, at Athens, the tower of the winds, an octagonal building, on each side of which was a figure representing one of the winds. On the top of the tower was a small pyramid of marble supporting a brazen Triton, which turned on a pivot, and pointed with its rod to the side of the tower on which was represented the wind that was then blowing. As each of the sides had a sort of dial, it is conjectured that it formerly contained a clepsydra or water-clock.

ANDRONICUS of Rhodes; a follower of Aristotle, who lived B. C. 63, and wrote commentaries on that author. He also restored and published the works of that philosopher, which Sylla had brought from Greece.

ANDROS; islands of the Holy Ghost (isles del Espiritu Santo); a group of isles

extending in the form of a crescent, for upwards of 50 leagues in the neighborhood of the Great Bahama bank, and amongst the Bahamas; in N. lat. 24° to 25° 30, and W. lon. 77° to 78° 20. The passages through them are dangerous. Attempts have been made to colonize the principal Andros island. In 1788, 200 inhabitants, including slaves, were settled there. It has the privilege of sending one member to the house of assembly of the Bahamas. The approach to it is very difficult, for various reasons.

ANDROSCOGGIN, or AMERISCOGGIN; a river which forms the outlet of Umbagog lake, and has the first part of its course in the eastern part of New Hampshire. After entering the state of Maine, it flows first in an easterly, and afterwards in a southerly direction, and joins the Kennebec at Merry-meeting bay, 6 miles above Bath, and 18 miles above the entrance of the river into the ocean. Its whole course is about 150 miles in length.

ANELLO, Thomas. (See Masaniello.) ANEMOMETER; an instrument contrived to measure the strength and velocity of the wind.

ANEMONE, Wind-flower, in botany; a genus of the polygamia order, and polyandria class, ranking, in the natural method, under the 26th order, multisiliqua. It has its name from the Greek avepos, (the wind), because it is supposed not to open unless the wind blows. Linnæus enumerates 21 species: those valuable on account of their beauty are the following: 1, anemone apennina, a native of Britain, growing in the woods; 2, anemone coronaria; 3, anemone hortensis; both natives of the Levant, particularly of the Archipelago islands, where the borders of the fields are covered with them; 4, anemone nemorosa, growing wild in the woods, in many parts of Britain, where it flowers in April and May. Prof. Candole (De Cand. Syst. vol. i. 188) enumerates 45 species of anemone.

ANEMOSCOPE; every contrivance which indicates the direction of the wind. The vane upon towers and roofs is the simplest of all anemoscopes. There are also some, where the vane turns a moveable spindle, which descends through the roof to the chamber where the observation is to be made. On the ceiling of this apartment a compass-card is fixed, and, whilst the wind turns the vane together with the spindle, an index, fixed below, points out the direction of the wind on the card. Some are so made as, even in the absence of the observer, to note down

the changes of the wind. Among the most perfect of this kind, is that of prof. Moscati, and of the cav. Marsilio Landriani.

ANEURISM; the swelling of an artery, or the dilatation and expansion of some part of an artery. This is the true aneurism. There is also a spurious kind of aneurism, when the rupture or puncture of an artery is followed by an extravasation of blood in the cellular membrane. If the external membrane of the artery is injured, and the internal membrane protrudes through, and forms a sac, it is called mixed aneurism. Lastly, there is the varicose aneurism, the tumor of the artery, when, in bleeding, the vein has been entirely cut through, and at the same time the upper side of an artery beneath has been perforated, so that its blood is pressed into the vein. The genuine aneurisms arise partly from the too violent motion of the blood, partly from a preternatural debility of the membranes of the artery, which is sometimes constitutional. They are, therefore, more frequent in the great branches of the arteries; in particular, in the vicinity of the heart, in the arch of the aorta, and in the extremities, for instance, in the ham and at the ribs, where the arteries are exposed to frequent injuries by stretching, violent bodily exertions, thrusts, falls and contusions. They may, however, be occasioned also, especially the internal ones, by diseases, violent ebullitions of the blood, by the use of ardent spirits, by vehement passions and emotions, particularly by anger: in such cases, the arteries may be ruptured, and sudden death produced. The external aneurisms are either healed by continued pressure on the swelling, or by an operation, in which the artery is laid bare, and tied above the swelling, so as to prevent the flow of the blood into the sac of the aneurism, which contracts by degrees. Sometimes the ligature is applied both above and below the aneurism.

ANFOSSI, Pasquale, was born at Naples, in 1729, played on the violin in the music schools of Naples, and studied composition under Sacchini and Piccini. The latter had a great friendship for him, and procured him, in 1771, his first employment, in the theatre delle dame at Rome. Though he met with no success, Piccini procured him, in the following year, a second engagement, in which he was also unsuccessful. In a third engagement, the year afterwards, A. was more fortunate. The Persecuted Unknown was performed, in