to be recommended for authorization. Within the framework of its comprehensive water pollution control program, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare cooperates with the other three Departments and contributes to the planning for development of water resources where such development pertains to water quality and water supply.

To provide day-to-day coordination of this comprehensive planning effort in Washington, the ad hoc Water Resources Council operates through an Interdepartmental Staff Committee. As regards the administration of this planning effort in the field for those framework and detailed plans underway in fiscal year 1965, pending final congressional action on the Water Resources Planning Act (S. 1111) which would provide for establishment of river basin commissions, the coordinating committee device of the Corps of Engineers offers a feasible means to provide guidance for the conduct of the studies and to provide for participation and continuous coordination of the activities of the concerned Federal agencies and the States in the planning effort. It is now utilized in all areas under study except the Columbia-North Pacific and the Missouri Basin regions, where official task forces or subcommittees under the aegis of the Columbia Basin Interagency Committee and the Missouri Basin Interagency Committee, respectively, coordinate and furnish guidance for the planning activities among all Federal agencies concerned and the States. Administrative arrangements in the field for coordination of planning efforts to be initiated after fiscal year 1965 will be worked out when the studies are definitely scheduled. Therefore, the administrative arrangements for coordination of planning efforts in the Great Lakes comprehensive study have not been established as yet.

Arrangements have been made with the Office of Business Economics, Department of Commerce, and the Department of Agricultre, to assist in the provision of regional economic and statistical analyses and projections required by the four Departments in the Missouri and later framework studies including the Great Lakes. Special preliminary information is being prepared for the Great Lakes region because of the current study now underway by the Public Health Service. This information will be available and useful for any Federal agency involved in studies of the Great Lakes region. These analyses and projections will be reviewed, adapted, and supplemented as mutually agreed among the four Departments.

I shall now present the current activities of the four Departments in the Great Lakes area.

The Department of Agriculture has important water and related land resources conservation, development, utilization, and disposal activities underway in the Great Lakes Basin.

The basin contains a large forest resource. Nearly 54 million acres of forest land are in the U.S. portion. Among the many products obtained from these forested areas, wood pulp and fiber are of first importance. Manufacturing processes for those products require very large quantities of water.

All or part of seven national forests lie within the basin. Six of these forests border on one or more of the lakes. The national forest resources are under multiple-use management and produce wood, water, recreation, and wildlife in quantities sufficient to contribute importantly to the economy of the basin and adjacent areas.

The basin contains large areas of very productive farmlands. These farms contribute significantly to the national output of grain, beef cattle, dairy products and other livestock products, fruits, vegetables and numerous other types of food and fiber. Much of the region is devoted to intensive agricultural production, but even larger areas approach the subsistence level. Agricultural firms

and communities are adversely affected by impaired land drainage, flooding, and drought.

In addition to the regular programs under which farmers are provided technical and financial assistance with the planning and installation of farm soil and water conservation practices, the Department is aiding several groups with the planning and installations of watershed projects. Installation of works of improvement has been authorized in 13 projects containing about 480,000 acres. One of these has been completed. Six additional projects with approximately 447,000 acres are currently being planned.

The Forest Service, Soil Conservation Service, and the Economic Research Service recently collaborated in a special study of the opportunities for multipleuse resource management with special emphasis on outdoor recreation in 81 counties of northeastern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and northern Michigan.

Rural poverty is an acute problem in those counties. Many of those counties are in the Great Lakes drainage basin. This investigation was completed and a report was prepared early in 1963. Departmental land and water programs in that area are being reoriented in line with the findings of that study to enhance the contributions those programs make to economic development of this distressed area.

The interests of the Corps of Engineers in the water resources of the Great Lakes go back a century and a half to early problems attending commercial navigation on the lakes. More recently the corps interests in the Great Lakes region have grown to embrace virtually all aspects of the control and use of the waters of the lakes and adjoining tributary basins in the United States. By acts of 1930 and 1946 the corps is authorized to study means of preventing the erosion of the shores of coastal and lake waters by waves and currents. The 5,470 miles of Great Lakes shoreline in the United States present many and continuing beach erosion problems for resolution by the corps in cooperation with interested agencies. Corrective and preventative measures normally used in such cases would have effects only in the problem areas.

The Flood Control Act of 1936 authorized the Corps of Engineers to make investigations to determine the improvements of the rivers and waterways that should be undertaken in the interest of flood control. The 1944 Flood Control Act provides also for the inclusion of recreation and municipal and industrial water supplies in water resource projects under the jurisdiction of the corps. Under these authorities a great many studies and improvements for flood control and other purposes have been made for streams tributary to the lakes and at numerous individual localities in the tributary basins. Measures involved in such cases are, primarily, local protection works and storage reservoirs. The Corps of Engineers has a great many studies now underway to determine what improvements are desirable in the interest of multipurpose use of water resources in the Great Lakes region. A major study now underway on lake levels has been described by the corps representative. Other noteworthy studies include an investigation of tributary streams in the Detroit metropolitan area for flood control, municipal and industrial water supplies, pollution abatement, and recreation. Comprehensive studies are underway in the Grand and Genesee River Basins. In addition, a basinwide multiple-purpose investigation is underway in the St. Joseph River Basin and an authorized basinwide study on the Saginaw River Basin has not yet been initiated by the corps. A study of small boat harbors for Lake Erie and Lake Huron is also underway. Among the many investigations now being made by the corps in the interest of improving navigation probably the most noteworthy is the study of new interlake facilities for the movement of vessels between Lakes Erie and Ontario.

The extent of its interests and study activities is indicated by the fact that the Corps of Engineers is now engaged in well over a hundred individual investigations covering all phases and scope of water resource development in the Great Lakes region.

The Public Health Service of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare has been engaged in a major study of the water pollution situation of the Great Lakes since 1961 in conjunction and cooperation with other Federal agencies and with the State and local governments and private interests involved. This study is under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, section 2, and involves the determination of the sources and extent of municipal sewage, industrial wastes, wastes from commercial shipping and pleasure crafts, and land drainage going into the lakes. It also involves the evaluation of the effects of pollution on all uses of the lakes.

This study seeks to establish not only the present water pollution situation, but, the probable situation of the future, taking into account population growth, social and economic change affecting the use of the lakes. The means required to control pollution are largely additional and improved treatment of wastes before discharge, the location of the discharges, and the exclusion of certain wastes and the management of land uses. The objective of the study is the establishment of a comprehensive program for pollution control, recognizing all uses of the lakes and tributary streams and requiring the attention and cooperation of a multiplicity of governmental agencies- Federal, State, and local—and the active participation of private interests as well-industry, citizen groups, and individuals. So far, the Public Health Service study has considered the pollution situation involved in the Chicago diversion, the conditions pertaining to Lake Michigan,

the Detroit River, and Lake Erie. Further study is underway on Lake Erie and Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario will come under study this year with Lake Superior to follow. The Detroit River between Lakes Huron and Erie is receiving particular attention under the enforcement provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Only those sources of pollution on the American side of the river are involved in these studies.

The Chicago diversion aspect of the study was in response to a request by the Department of Justice in relation to the suit between the States before the U.S. Supreme Court. The Justice Department asked for an evaluation of the current situation, the probable effect on Lake Michigan if the effluents from the Chicago area were discharged in the lake, and the alternative choices available. In general, the Public Health Service has concluded that Lake Michigan would be affected adversely to a considerable extent if increased wastes from the Chicago area, both present and future, were allowed to enter. Increased sewage treatment and other waste disposal management practices were recommended together with continued waste flow away from the lake.

In each of the lakes, a complicated study process is required. The lake currents, the temperatures, the aquatic life, and the adjacent land uses must be analyzed as well as the volumes and kinds of liquid wastes entering the tributaries on the U.S. side. The complete study will be concluded in 1967. At that time, the comprehensive control program plans will be completed and a period of close observation of procedures and results will commence. This period will permit continual appraisal and adjustment to keep means and objectives in balance. The need for public works, both Federal and State, will then have to be considered in the light of this study and in relation to other needs and beneficial uses of the water and related land resources of the basin.

Although the Public Health Service study takes into account the hydrologic condition of the lakes; that is, the changes in the amounts of water available and the probable future extent of withdrawals for municipal and industrial water supplies, the study has not yet considered the addition of large volumes of new water into the lakes to stabilize their levels. Study of the effects of such added new water is necessary.

A number of the programs of the Department of the Interior are related to the Great Lakes.

As the U.S. agent of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries is conducting a program of sea lamprey control and research in U.S. waters. At the present time the sea lamprey population in Lake Superior has been reduced 80 percent over the level prior to control efforts and some recovery of the lake trout population already has resulted from the lamprey control program.

In

This Bureau also carries out biological research on the life history of commercially valuable species of fish in Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Erie. Lake Erie, Bureau research biologists are developing methods for predicting the future abundance of commercial species. Also in this lake, studies are underway of the factors influencing the survival of fish stocks with special reference on the environmental changes caused by pollution.

The beneficial or adverse effect of all types of control measures concerning the waters of the Great Lakes must be appraised by the Fish and Wildlife Service, both as regards sport fish and commercial fish, in a coordinated comprehensive planning effort.

A report on fish and wildlife as affected by plans under consideration by the Corps of Engineers in their previously described study of lake levels has been prepared by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Stabilization of water levels would benefit fish and wildlife resources. In addition to working with the other Departments on the Genesee and Grand comprehensive studies, the Bureau is investigating the effects on fish and wildlife of proposals under consideration for flood control, navigation, water supply, and pollution reduction on Clinton, Huron, Manistique, and Indian Rivers, Mich.; Sandusky River, Ohio; and St. Joseph River, Mich. The effects on fish and wildlife of constructing small-boat harbors are being considered in connection with several projects on the Great Lakes. A plan for fish and wildlife needs is being developed in connection with the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore proposal that is now under study. Fish and wildlife needs for pollution abatement are being assessed and a report will be furnished to the Public Health Service. The effects of drainage, channelization, and changing land use related to small watershed projects as they affect fish and wildlife are also being investigated. The Bureau operates

five national fish hatcheries and five national wildlife refuges in the Great Lakes

area.

The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation is studying the recreation aspects of the Great Lakes and will present its findings in a report to the Public Health Service for use in their water quality study. That Bureau's development of a national recreation plan and related State plans with the States obviously will also reflect the great potentialities of the Great Lakes for water-related recreation.

The National Park Service has prepared two reports concerning the shoreline recreation areas of the Great Lakes. The first of these is "Our Fourth Shoreline" completed in 1959 concerning the recreation resources of that portion of the Great Lakes within the United States. The second report, also completed in 1959, is a supplement to the previous report and is titled "Remaining Shoreline Opportunities." These studies will make valuable contributions both to a comprehensive water and related land resource study of the Great Lakes and to the current planning efforts on a wider scale by the new Bureau of Outdoor Recreation.

There are three existing National Park Service areas on the Great Lakes. These are Grand Portage National Monument, Lake Superior; Isle Royale National Park, Lake Superior; and Perry Victory and International Peace Monument, Lake Erie. In addition, there are three proposed National Park Service areas. These are the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Lake Michigan; Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Lake Michigan; and Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Lake Michigan.

Surveys, investigations, and research by the Water Resources Division of the Geological Survey in the area tributary to the Great Lakes include, all the work in Michigan and work in parts of seven other States.

The program involves networks for systematic continuing collection of hydrologic data and special investigations which seek to make the data more meaningful and useful to action agencies and individuals. Such information provides the basis for determining the quantity and chemical quality of inflow into the Great Lakes from U.S. territory. Of course, a knowledge of inflow is one of the critical elements in a study of changes in lake levels.

The extensive data networks include 558 gaging stations for streamflow and reservoir contents, 54 sampling stations for monitoring the quality of the water, and 367 observation wells for fluctuations of groundwater levels as they reflect changes in underground storage.

Special investigations recently completed or now underway cover a wide range of subjects including hydrologic analysis of the Maumee River Basin, Ohio, Ind., and Mich.; water resources of the Lake Erie-Niagara area, New York; water resources of the Finger Lakes region, New York; hydrology of the Marquette Iron Range, Michigan; flood inundation mapping in 43 quadrangles in the Chicago metropolitan area, Illinois; and collection of information on the water resources of the Grand and Genesee River Basins.

Topographic maps are available for much of the Great Lakes Basin and surveys are in progress for part of the unmapped area. These maps would be helpful in any comprehensive study of resource problems.

The importance of the movement of iron ore, coal and petroleum products over the Great Lakes is, of course, well known. Other minerals also form a large block of shipping. They include, for example, sand, gravel and flux into Wisconsin and Michigan ports. The great mineral-based economy of the United States depends in large measure on the lakes. Mineral production and processing plants on lakeshores, or near them, depend on the lakes not only for transportation but also for large quantities of water.

The Bureau of Mines has over the years worked closely with the mineral producing and processing industries to assist in solving problems and developing new production methods and processes. The Bureau has also worked closely with the Corps of Engineers in their civil and military functions by supplying mineral information and mineral economic data. On occasion mineral economic forecasts are made for the corps.

What water and related land resource problems do we face in the Great Lakes area?

Twenty-six million persons live in the Great Lakes region. The rate of population increase for the region has been somewhat above the national average. Over 80 percent of the population are classed as urban with the most densely populated part of the basin in the highly industrialized and commercial areas along the shores of the Great Lakes. While the region encompasses only 4.4

percent of the land area and 14.4 percent of the population of the continental United States, it produces over 22 percent of the value added by manufactures in the Nation. The concentration of economic activities and the highly urbanized population results in a wide range of water related problems and an ever-increasing demand for development and use of the available water resources of the region.

Navigation on the Great Lakes is a paramount water use. Historically, the wealth and economy of the region are closely related to deep draft commercial navigation. Waterborne traffic in the Great Lakes basin accounts for 26 percent of the U.S. domestic total. The future need for improvement of harbors and waterway facilities must keep pace with the increase in size of vessels, industrial development, and patterns of vessel movements. Also there is need to augment the present system of harbors in the interest of smaller recreational craft and to provide bases for fishing vessels and recreational craft. On the tributary rivers and shallow lakes, recreational boating creates the problem of providing mooring space and adequate servicing facilities.

Long-range problems in the region include the need for local urban and agricultural flood protection, sediment damage reduction, and the improvement of agricultural drainage. The national soil and water conservation needs inventory completed about 5 years ago revealed that 264 small upstream watersheds containing about 39 million acres had problems which required project action for solution. Associated with flood protection works is the need for flood plain regulation and flood warning systems. Another long-range flood problem is the need for regulation of the Great Lakes in the interest of protection to shoreline properties. Such regulation could also be in the interest of navigation and generation of hydroelectric power.

Although the Great Lakes region is endowed with an abundant supply of fresh water, there is a long-range need for the budgeting of available tributary supplies through surface storage for beneficial release for water supply, pollution abatement, and recreation. It is estimated that the potential demand for paper and wood fiber products may triple within the next 40 years with a corresponding increase in water use. Thus the water requirements for the pulp and fiber industries will be an important consideration in the palnning and development of water supplies for the future. Also, water quality considerations in connection with the disposition of wastes from these manufacturing processes will become increasingly important. In addition, elimination of pollution in many tributary streams and along certain reaches of shores of the Great Lakes is required. Purification of water of substandard quality to permit its reuse also is a long-range need in the region.

Water resource developments in the Great Lakes and tributaries have serious potential effects on fish and wildlife. Water level changes have a direct impact on the maintenance of productive marshland habitat in the Great Lakes area. Wetlands are also subject to such other threats as encroachment by commercial and private developments, tributary channelization, and water pollution. Water pollution has far-reaching effects not only on marshes but also on interconnecting channels and tributary stream habitat essential as fish spawning and nursery

areas.

The development of long-range, comprehensive plans for fish and wildlife in the several subbasins, coordinated with other agency water development plans will address the above and a variety of other fish and wildlife problems. Weirs and dams limit the historic fish migrations which maintained many stocks in abundance. Habitat is destroyed by dredging and spoil deposition in the Great Lakes and in connecting waterways. Upland game and waterfowl habitat is destroyed by inundation resulting from dam construction. Hydroelectric projects constructed under Federal permit cause fluctuation of streamflow to the detriment of fisheries. These problems can be minimized by careful planning and coordination and in many instances existing habitat or recreational opportunities can be substantially improved as a result of project construction.

Studies show that the environment in Lake Erie is no longer suitable for the traditional valuable species of commercial fish. As a result such species have disappeared and low value fish that can live in a polluted environment have replaced them. A major problem at this time is to develop measures for reducing the pollution load entering Lake Erie.

A substantial program to enhance opportunities for water-based recreation is a long-range basin need. The beaches, parks, hunting grounds, campsites, wild areas, and boat harbors are overcrowded much of the time. Appropriate action