moted to 1st Lieutenant. He then engaged for some time in the manufacture of woolen goods at Mifflin, Wisconsin, with his father-in-law, Wm. Oldhan. Leaving this, he acted as agent of the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Co. of Milwaukee, and during this employment studied law, then securing a position in the office of Hon. Llywelyn Breese, then Secretary of State, he devoted his spare time exclusively to the study of law, and in 1871 graduated from the Law Department of the University of Wisconsin. After finishing his term of service in the office of the Secretary of State, he formed a law partnership with Hon. Alex. Wilson, ex-Attorney General of the State, and commenced the practice of law in Mineral Point, Wis., in 1874. In the spring of 1877 he was elected County Judge of Iowa county, and at the time of his death, October 21st, 1891, he was serving his fourth term, having filled the office acceptably for thirteen years.

In 1864, at the town of Mifflin, Iowa county, Wis., he was united in marriage to Miss Anne Oldham, who still survives him; also surviving him are five sons and one young daughter, the sons all grown up to manhood and making life an honorable success. one, Arthur L., being now a senior member of the Law Department of the University of Wisconsin, from which his father graduated in 1871. During the youth of Judge Jones, his father was engaged in the business of stationer and bookseller in the old country, and from this the deceased cultivated a fondness for literature which remained with him through life, being well versed both in Welsh and English literature. He was an active, earnest member of the Welsh Presbyterian church, and was one of the foremost Welshmen of his time, always taking an active interest in Welsh proceedings. Shortly before

his death he requested that the hymns "Guaed y groes" and "Andalusia" be sung at his funeral.

Judge Jones was widely known and universally respected, the respect in his case ripening into love with almost every one of his acquaintances. Officially, his standing was abreast of the highest and his integrity never questioned. At his last election he was unanimously renominated for the Judgeship by the Republican party, and then endorsed by both the Democratic and Prohibition parties. He was fifty-five years of age at his death, which was caused by chronic diarthea while in the army. His body was laid to rest in the family lot in the cemetery at Dodgeville, Wisconsin, in the presence of the bereaved family, to whom he had been a faithful and beloved husband and father in the truest sense of the word, and in the presence of sorrowing friends who had gathered from near and far to attest their respect and esteem to one whom in life was a brother and friend in social relations, while to many his wise counsels were those of a father and protector. His mission here seemingly was "to help others." He lived that others might live, and when his life went out from this sphere it left a vacancy which impressed itself as did the fullness of his life while he was here among us; the world was better for his living in it.

OUR ANCESTORS.

BY PROF. W. BOYD DAWKINS, M. A., F. R. S MANCHESTER, ENGLAND.

(An address delivered before the Liverpool Welsh National Society.)

I am here this evening under circumstances which give me peculiar pleasure, for I feel it is a very considerable honor for me to appear before a body of my fellow countrymen here in Liverpool. We all of us know that

there is a certain amount of rivalryhonorable rivalry-between Manchester and Liverpool, and I feel it an honor that you should have asked one who inhabits Manchester to come and say a few words to you this evening. Well, now, with regard to the subject on which I have thought it advisable to say a few words to-night. It seemed to me that it was highly desirable at the present time, and more especially under the present condition of affairs, for us to form some definite and clear ideas of who our ancestors really are. When I say "our ancestors," of course I mean the ancestors of us Welsh. Well, supposing you were to travel through certain parts of Wales, you would find that there are two distinct types of people to be studied. In the first place you would find that there are small dark people, with oval faces, aqueline noses, high foreheads, and with that peculiar long-headedness I do not mean that which is characteristic of the Yorkshire man-which implies length of head when measured from the forehead towards the back. These men of whom I am speaking are for the most part small in stature, lithe and active, well built, with black hair and black eyes, and in all physical characteristics absolutely identical with some of those small dark peoples whom you may meet with in the South of France, in Spain, in certain parts of Ireland, and also scattered about here and there in the Highlands under the name of the small dark Highlanders. They are a sort of Welshmen whom we have to consider, and I feel much gratified this evening to see some excellent specimens among my audience of that type of physique. Then there is another type-square built, fair in complexion, with sandy or brown hair, with high cheek bones, and belonging to a type which is much bigger, squarer, and stouter,

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than this other set of people to whom I have called your attention. These two-the big fair Welshman and the small dark Welshman-are the special types of the Welsh of which I will speak.

The story of the coming in of the Welsh to Wales is really the story of the coming of our ancestors into Europe-is part of the far larger story of the introduction of all our civilization-at least of the main points of our civilization-into Europe. I shall at once plunge into my subject. I shall, first of all, ask you to accompany me while I point out a few important facts, some of which lie on the borderland of history, and the others far away outside the written records, far away in that period which is known as prehistoric-in that period, the records of which survive to us in the tomb, the camp, in the habitation, and in all those wonderful discoveries which have been revealed to us by the pickaxe and shovel during the last twenty-five years or more. We will begin then with our small dark Welsh

men.

This small dark race, as I pointed out to you, is to be found in certain mountainous and inaccessible regions in the West. We have them in certain parts of Wales, we have them in the Highlands, we have them in Ireland; they are isolated fragments of one people who were formerly homogeneous. Supposing we turn our attention to the mainland of Europe, we find that, at the very beginning of history, the small dark race inhabited the whole of the region in France, from the river Loire as far east as the Cevennes, including all the area which is drained by the Garonne and its tributaries. We have most conclusive evidence of that from the early records left behind by the Romans and Greeks. We know that that region was inhabited by people known to

the Greeks and the Romans under the name of Iberians or Aquitani, practically to all intents and purposes, one and the same set of small dark folk. Well, let us turn to the area of Spain. These small dark people, at the beginning of history, were masters of the greater part of Spain and Portugal. When the Romans conquered Gaul they found these people in possession of the south-western region, and when the Greeks first gained a footing in Spain they found these Iberian people occupying also the western parts.

Well, now let us turn to the evidence from caves and tombs. When we examine these wonderful discoveries which have been made in sepulchres in France, in Spain, and in this country, we find that this small dark type of Welshmen is most widely spread far away from the present region of Wales. For instance, throughout the length and breadth of this country we find their long skulls whenever we examine the sepulchres which belong to the age of polished stone-to that period when metals were unknown, and when stone only was used for cutting purposes. In that very remote period we find it in possession of the whole of the area of Britain and Ireland, and when we extend our survey to the continent we find it everywhere west of the Rhine. In fact, to make a long story a short one, I may say that we get traces of the former presence of this small dark race throughout the whole of the British Isles, over the whole of France and over the whole of Spain, including even Gibraltar. Thus you see when it comes to a question of ancestors the small dark men were, undoubtedly, of enormo as importance in remote times.

Few of us realise what we owe to these small dark people. In the first place, we owe the introduction of our

domestic animals, the domestic dog, the horse, the short-horned ox, sheep, and goats, and the various breeds of the pig. They introduced the pastoral arts, not merely into this country but into Europe. They also introduced the arts of husbandry, of spinning and weaving, of mining and pottery, and they were the people who were really the first cause of the existence of Liverpool at all, for they introduced the arts of navigation. I ask your attention to this last point, for it is one of the many benefits which we owe to the ancestors of the small dark Welshmen who survive among us. They are to be locked upon as the representatives of the race to which we can trace the origin of the civilization in Europe which has been perfectly continuous from that day to the present time. Just as those ancient small dark aborigines of Europe are still represented by some of my audience in this room, so are the arts which they introduced, and their domestic animals still among us, and those arts and those animals really form the basis of our present place among the nations.

Let us now examine the ancestry of the fair and brown-haired Welshman. I have already used the term "polished stone age," and I will draw on this blackboard a polished stone axe, which is the outward and visible sign of the age of polished stone or Neolithic age. It is the symbol of the civilization about which I have been speaking. This stone wedge, mounted in a wooden handle, was the imple ment with which the people attacked forests, and by which trees were gradally felled, and the land was reduced under the dominion of the farmer and the husbandman. The existence of these polished round stone axes represent a phase in the civilization of the whole world. The study of the sepulchres of France has revealed the

fact that the round head, high cheek bones and larger physique of the stout Welshman, are to be found in the sepulchres in which the stone axes occur. Over the whole of the area west of the Rhine, we get the proof of this larger kind of man in the tombs, in association with these stone axes. They were, therefore, in France and in Spain in the age of the polished stone.

We must now consider the evidence that these larger men were later in time than the small dark men, for of course that is of importance to us as worshippers of ancestors. When the Romans conquered Gaul (afterwards France), they found that the Celts or Gauls (Celt or Kelt, you may call it what you like) were in possession of by far the greater portion of Gaul; they extended Over south-eastern Spain, and they occupied the whole of the Mediterranean seaboard. Next to these in the middle of this map, where one color runs into another, were the people who were known under the name of Celt-Iberian, that is to say a folk who were the result of a fusion of the Celts and Iberians. It is perfectly clear that this arrival of the Celts or Gauls was an arrival which dates back far beyond the time of the Roman Conquest; it dates far beyond the time, too, when the Greeks first knew this region of Spain. The evidence already laid before you proves that it took place in the age of polished stone. The Celts pushed their way into Europe, coming from the East-from what has been called the home of the nation-and arrived in Gaul and Spain as a conquering people, pushing the older inhabitants before them, in the age of polished

stone.

The arrival of the Celtic race in the British Islands took place long ages after even their invasion of the Continent. The sea-the silver streak

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formed a barrier against the invasion of these islands throughout the whole age of polished stone; and it was not until the Celtic conquerors of the region of Northern France or Gaul had bronze axes in their hands, and were armed with bronze spears, and were to some extent possessed of those higher weapons and those rudiments of a higher civilization, which they obtained from other people further to the south, that they dared to cross the channel. When they did cross the channel the conquest of Gaul was repeated in the British Isles, and the Celts found their way into the Highlands, into the remote islands of the Hebrides, and crossed over into Ireland, pushing the small dark people before them. They penetrated into the most remote places of Wales, leaving the small dark people scattered about here and there, as remnants of the more ancient race which had formerly been in possession not merely of the British Islands but the whole of the continent, to the south and the west of the Rhine. I must tell you that in this inquiry I have been exceedingly careful not to cross to the east bank of the Rhine. When I began to inquire into these matters, I thought I would take into considertion the range of these people in Germany and the valley of the Danube, but after consultation with some of my friends in Berlin, I came to the conclusion that I preferred to allow that very difficult question of anthropology to be grappled with by some one who could approach it with better opportunities of success from the centre of Vienna or Berlin, than I could from that of Manchester.

I have just given you an outline of the relative antiquity of these two kinds of Welshmen. The small dark man is, undoubtedly, the older; and the square built, fair-haired and much stronger type, is, undoubtedly, the