Missouri

8 hours.

none.
none.

Tennessee.

12

In many states also no child or minor of like age can be so employed except during vacations unless they have attended school during a certain prescribed period for the year preceding, varying from twelve to sixteen weeks, or in some states for the whole school year, according to the age of the child.5

§ 17. Further Statutory Restrictions upon Child Labor. In several states the employment of children or minors of a prescribed age is specially forbidden as to certain dangerous occupations, such as running elevators,' stationary engines, cleaning machinery in motion, or dangerous machinery generally, or in any employment where the child is put in danger of life or limb, or in occupations unwholesome or dangerous to health, without a physician's cer

3

'N. H., 93, 12; Me., 1887, 139, 6; Vt., 712; Mass., 1894, 508, 13, 14, 17; R. I., 1887, 649, 6; Ct., 2105; N. Y., 1874, 421, Mich., 5174, g. h.; Pa. Dig., p. 864, § 6; O., 1889, p. 333; N. J. Sup., p. 937, § 77; Wis., 1728; Col., 1889, p. 59; N. D., 1890, 62, 143; La., 1886, 43.

1 Mass., 1894, 508, 32; N. Y., 1892, 673, 3; Pa. Dig., p. 1016. 2 Mass., ib., 31; Mich., 1895, 184, 3; R. I., 1894, 1278, 6; La., 1882, 60; N. J. Sup., p. 773, § 17.

3 O., 1890, p. 161, § 9; N. Y. P. C., 292; Ct., 1417; R. I., 97, 1; Pa., ib.; Ill., 38, 82; Mich., 1895, 184, 3; Mo., 1895, p. 205; Wy., 1895, 46; Ind. R. S., 2241; Del., 1879, 150, 1; Col., 1885, p. 125.

4 N. J., 1887, 177, 7; Ct., O., N. Y., Pa., Mo., Wy., Ind., Ill., Mich., R. I.

5

tificate; and in other states the inspector of factories or chief of police may designate certain employments as so injurious to health of children and thereafter they may not be employed therein. The factory inspectors are in some states given power to demand physicians' certificates of the physical ability of children in all cases of factory or workshop employment.?

6

So there are generally statutes forbidding the employment of children under a certain age in occupations injurious to their morals, under penalty of misdemeanor, etc.; and specially forbidding their employment in theatrical exhibitions or circuses, singing, ragpicking, mendicancy, street music, etc., or begging. 10 The prescribed age in this latter class of employments

9

5 N. J.

9

6 Mass., 1894, 508, 15.

Ill., 1893, p. 101, § 4; Mich., 1895, 184, 4.

8 O., 1890, p. 161, § 9; N. Y. P. C., 292; R. I., 97, 1; Ct.; N. J. Sup., p. 195, §§ 24, 26; Ind., Ill., Mich., Mo., 1895, p. 205; Wy., 1895, 46, 1; Pa. Dig., p. 1015; Col., 1885, p. 124. Mass., 1894, 508, 49; N. H., 265, 3; Ind. R. S., 2242; Pa. Dig., p. 1015; O., 6984; N. Y. P. C., 292; Ill.; Mich., 1998; R. I.; Minn. P. C., 250; Kan., 1889, 104; Ct., Mo.; Cal. P. C., 272; Col.; Mon. P. C., 472; Wy., 1895, 46, 1; Md., 27, 273; D. C., U. S. Stats., 1885, 58; Del., 1879, 150, 2; Ga., 4612 (f) (unless the child have attended school for four months of the year preceding).

10 R. I., Ct., N. J., N. Y., Pa., Mich., Ind., R. S., 2242;` Ill., Kan., Minn., Cal., Col., Mon., Md., Del., Mo., Wy., D. C., La., 1886, 43, 2.

(shows and begging) varies from eighteen to twelve." These laws are, of course, constitutional 12 (see § 13).

Minors are generally entitled to their wages free from any claim on the part of parent or guardians unless the employers are notified.13 And in Ohio wages may not be retained from minors for alleged negligence or incompetence, nor any guarantee made with such minors.

14

§ 18. Further Statutory Restrictions upon Female Labor. The clear tendency of the law throughout the United States is to make no distinction in civil, industrial, or social rights between the sexes while reserving the distinction as to political and military rights or duties. All occupations are now thrown open to women and they are generally given full rights of contract. The legal profession remains the only one not

11 Thus eighteen, in New Jersey and Indiana, as to shows, immoral occupations, etc. So, as to mendicancy, etc., in Pennsylvania; sixteen (R. I., N. Y., Mich., Minn., Cal., Mon., Md., O., R. S., 694; see note 3 above); fifteen (Mass., Pa., Ind., Ill., Del.); fourteen (N. H., O., 1890, p. 161— see note 1 above-Kan., Col., D. C., Mo., Wy.); twelve (Ct., N. J., Ga.). In New York the phrase is "apparently or actually under the age of sixteen." Quære whether this is constitutional.

12 People v. Ewer, 141 N. Y., 129.

13 See N. Y., 1850, 266; Minn., 1893, 35, for specimen stat

utes.

14 O., 1893, pp. 55-57. Compare § 9.