There are instances of students being dismissed for irregularity of conduct. The total sums that have been given for the erection of the seminary buildings, the endowing of professorships, the support of indigent students, the library, &c., cannot be precisely ascertained, but they probably exceed 400,000 dollars. Mr. Bartlett, the most munificent of the donors, is supposed to have given 100,000 dollars, besides a legacy of 50,000 dollars. He is said never to have told any one how much some of the buildings that were erected at his instance cost him. Mr. Abbot gave about 120,000 dollars. Mr. Brown and Mr. Norris also gave large sums. No general solicitation has ever been made in behalf of the institution, though it has received from individuals many benefactions of from 500 to 5000 dollars. Connected with the seminary is a printing establishment, known as the Codman press, from its having a fount of Oriental types presented to it by the Rev. Dr. Codman, of Dorchester. Few institutions have ever been more blessed than the Andover Theological Seminary. It has been intimately associated with the origin and progress of foreign missions, and had much influence in originating the Bible, Colonization, Tract, and Temperance Societies, through the exertions of the lamented Mills* and his coadjutors, who were students at it. I have spoken of it more in detail, not only because of its being the oldest, the most richly endowed, and the most frequented of our theological schools, but also because it has been, in some sense, a model for the rest.t tained a great and well-merited celebrity by the distinguished talents of its professors, as well as the excellent course of its studies. It has for several years had an annual attendance of from 125 to 140 students, and has educated, in all, above 1200. The missionary spirit has prevailed in it to a gratifying degree, almost from its first establishment, and a large number of its alumni have gone to carry the Gospel to heathen lands. There is a flourishing "Society of Inquiry on Missions," with a valuable collection of books relating to that subject. The Princeton course comprises for the first year, Hebrew, the Exegesis of the Original Language of the New Testament, Sacred Geography, Sacred Chronology, Jewish Antiquities, and the Connexion of Sacred and Profane History; for the second year, Biblical Criticism, Church History, and Didactic Theology; for the third year, Polemic Theology, Church History, Church Government, Pastoral Theology, the Composition and Delivery of Sermons. One Instruction is given both by lectures and text-books, and the entire course requires the study of many authors. The students must read essays of their own composition at least once every four weeks, and are expected, also, to deliver short addresses before the professors and their fellow-students at least once in the month. evening in the week is devoted to the discussion of important theological questions. Every Sabbath forenoon a sermon is delivered in the chapel by one of the professors. In the afternoon, the students assemble for a "conference" on some subject in casuistical divinity, their professors presiding and closing the discussion with The General Assembly of the Presbyte- their remarks, and the services commenrian Church established a theological sem-cing and concluding with singing and prayinary at Princeton, in New-Jersey, in 1812, er. Questions such as the following are being the second of the kind in the United discussed: What constitutes a call to the States. Although far from being richly ministry and the evidences of it? What endowed like that of Andover, and has is proper preparation for the Lord's Supoften been greatly embarrassed for want per? What is repentance? What is faith? of adequate pecuniary support, it has at- What is true preparation for death? *The Rev. Samuel J. Mills, a very zealous and able young man, who took a leading part in the form ation of several of the great benevolent societies of America, and died on the coast of Africa when looking for a place where a colony of negroes might be founded. The Andover Faculty consists of the Rev. Drs. Woods and Emerson, and the Rev. Messrs. Stuart, B. B. Edwards, and Park, professors. Professor Stuart is well known for his Commentaries on the Epistles to the Romans and Hebrews, as well as for his Hebrew grammar and other writings. Dr. Woods has published some valuable small works on baptism, inspiration of the Scriptures, &c. Dr. Emerson has not yet published much. Mr. B. B. Edwards has written much and ably for periodical publications, and is the author, besides, of several valuable works relating to missions; among these is a missionary gazetteer. He published the life of Dr. Cornelius; and in 1839 took a joint part with Professor Park in giving to the world an interesting volume of translated selections from German authors. These, and a hundred such subjects, are seriously and faithfully discussed, and none of the other exercises, probably, is so instructive or so important to the students. It is there that the deep knowledge in spiritual things of their venerated and excellent professors most fully manifests itself. God has greatly blessed these heart-searching services to the students, and much is it to be wished that such exercises, and such fidelity on the part of the professors who conduct them, were to be found in every theological seminary and theological department of a university in the world. It is matter for devout thanksgiving that the venerable professors* appointed to the Princeton Seminary in its earliest years, The Rev. Drs. Alexander and Miller, both of whom have earned an extensive reputation by their are still spared to labour for its good. | ment upward of thirty, under four profesBoth they and their younger colleagues sors, who give instructions in the other derank high among the American divines, partment also. and have great weight in the Church to which they belong. A Lutheran theological seminary was established in 1826 at Gettysburg, in PennThe General Convention of the Protest- sylvania, very much through the exertions ant Episcopal Church opened a theological of the Rev: S. S. Schmucker, D.D., who is institution at New-York in 1817, which, its professor of theology. It has three though removed next year to New-Haven, professors, with from thirty to forty stuwas soon after re-established at New-York. dents in all, and has proved a rich blessing It originated in the efforts of the late John to the Lutheran Church. Dr. Schmucker Henry Hobart, long bishop of the diocess is well known in the churches of the United of New-York, and has five professors, who States by his various writings, and his are eminent and influential men, both in praiseworthy endeavours to bring about a their own church and in the community at union of feeling and action among the sevlarge. Its prosperity has been almost unin-eral branches of the Protestant denominaterrupted. The number of students is usually about seventy-five or eighty. In 1822, the diocesses of Virginia and Maryland established another Episcopal seminary in Fairfax county, Virginia, a few miles from the city of Alexandria, in the District of Columbia. This seminary has four valuable professors, and from forty to fifty students. It has been a great blessing to the Episcopal Church and to the country. A Baptist theological seminary, established at Newton, a town about six miles from Boston, in 1825, has been a source of much good, and has sent forth a considerable number of excellent preachers. It has three able professors, and usually from thirty to forty students. The_Baptists also established a Literary and Theological Institute at Hamilton, in the State of New-York, in 1820. It has above 150 students in all, and in the theological depart tions. The Reformed Dutch Church has an able theological faculty in its seminary at NewBrunswick, in the State of New-Jersey, The foundation dates from 1784, but it was for a long time unoccupied. It now has three professors and about forty students. Such are the utmost details that the limits of this work will permit. Let me simply add, that, since the opening of the Rev. Dr. Mason's theological school, about the beginning of the century, these institutions have amazingly increased. Most of them, like those at Andover and Princeton, are quite distinct from any college or university; some, under the title of Theological Departments, are connected with literary institutions, but have their own professors, and, in reality, are very distinct. The following table, presenting a summary of the whole, will probably be found interesting. 1. Andover Congrega- 3. Gilmanton tionalists. Old School ans. New School ans. Episcopali ans. 4. Theological Department of Yale College 5. Theological Institute of Connecticut, at East Windsor 2. Western Theological Seminary at Alleghany town, 3. Union Theological Seminary . 4. Southern Theological Seminary at Columbia 1. New-York Theological Seminary, in New-York city 3. Theological Department of Western Reserve College 5. Southwestern Theological Seminary at Maryville. 2. Theological Seminary, Fairfax county public lectures as well as by their writings. The younger professors are the Rev. Dr. Hodge and the Rev. J. A. Alexander, the former well known in Europe for his excellent work on the Epistle to the Romans, and the latter author of many articles in the Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review, an able quarterly publication which has been conducted for twenty years by the professors of the seminary, and of the College of New-Jersey, both situated in the village of Princeton. 153 1820 3 44 5 26 1822 4 72 1833 3 29 4 54 New-Jersey. 1812 4 110 1828 3 3 1832 3 1829 2 10 Ohio. 1836 3 90 14 24 The Reformed Presbyterians (Covenant- | siastical institutions, and 180 clerical stuers) have a theological school at Allegha- dents. At present there are 261. ny-town, and the Moravians have one at Nazareth, in Pennsylvania; the former has two professors and 14 or 15 students, the latter one professor and 5 or 6 students. The reader will remark that the number of students in the theological seminaries contained in the preceding table is that for the year 1840, which is the latest complete statement I have seen. It must not be considered as a present census of these institutions. With the exception of the Seminary at Andover, and, perhaps, two or three others, the number of students at present (the commencement of 1844) is much greater than it was in 1840. In some seminaries it is almost twice as great as it was then. The whole number of students in these seminaries may fairly be put down as greater by one fourth part at present than it was when the above-given list was made. The above enumeration comprises the orthodox evangelical denominations of Protestants only. The Unitarians have a theological department at Harvard University, which had two professors and twenty-seven students in 1840. The Roman Catholic theological seminaries, according to the Catholic Almanac, stood as follows in 1840: I shall conclude by stating that the entire number of theological schools and faculties belonging to the orthodox Protestant Churches is thirty-eight,* with about 105 professors, and nearly, if not quite, 1800 students at the present time. The greater number of these institutions are in their infancy. Where they are connected with colleges, the theological professor generally gives lectures in the literary department also, on moral philosophy, metaphysics, logic, &c. Many of the professors in the new and smaller seminaries are pastors of churches in the neighbourhood, and all that are not preach much in vacant churches, or on extraordinary occasions, such as before benevolent or literary societies and bodies, ecclesiastical assemblies, &c. Many of them, too, are expected to employ their leisure moments in giving instruction through the press. Though the number of professors seems large when compared with that of the students, I can assure the reader that few men have more to do, or, in point of fact, do more for the cause of Christ. There are to be found among them many of the first ministers of the churches to which they respectively belong. If not quite equal in point of science to some of the great professors in the Old World, they are all, God be praised, believed to be converted, and are devoted, faithful men. Their grand object is to train up a pious as well as a learned ministry. I am not aware that there is one of them that does not open every meeting of his class with earnest prayer, in which he is joined by his pupils a striking contrast to what one * At the Wesleyan University at Middletown, in divinity, and possibly this is done also in 'some of Connecticut, theological lectures are given to a class the other Methodist colleges. sees, alas! at too many of the theological other seaports, to supply foreign emigrants lectures in the universities of Europe. CHAPTER XIX. EFFORTS TO DIFFUSE THE SACRED SCRIPTURES. as they arrive on our shores. It is a remarkable fact that what has been done by Bible societies seems not to have interfered with the business of the booksellers; for these sell more copies of the Holy Scriptures than they did before the Bible societies existed. The more the Bible is known, the more it is appreciated; in many a family the entrance of a single copy begets a desire to possess several; besides which, the Bible Society distributions great MUCH has been done in the United States to place the Sacred Scriptures in the hands of all who can read them, and in this endeavour there is a delightful co-op-ly augment the demand for Biblical comeration of good men, of every name. Even mentaries and expositions, and thus augstatesmen, though they may not be deci- ment the trade of the booksellers, who pubdedly religious, or, by outward profession, lish and put into circulation immense edimembers of any church, lend their aid in tions of such works. There is a great dethis endeavour; and it is not uncommon mand for the Scriptures, also, both in weekto hear men of the first rank in the political day and Sabbath-schools, and great numcircles, some occupying high places in the bers of these are furnished by the book-trade. council of the nation, advocate at Bible Nor does the American Bible Society Society anniversaries the claims of the confine its efforts to the United States. It Word of God. The impression prevails has for many years associated itself with among our statesmen that the Bible is em- those societies which, by prosecuting the phatically the foundation of our hopes as same work in foreign lands, are labouring a people. Nothing but the Bible can make to hasten the coming of that day when men the willing subjects of law; they must" the knowledge of the Lord shall fill the first acquiesce with submission in the gov-| ernment of God, before they can yield a willing obedience to the requirements of human governments, however just these may be. It is the religion of the Bible only that can render the population of any country honest, industrious, peaceable, quiet, contented, happy. earth. " The receipts of the society for the last year amounted to 126,348 dollars, of which 15,516 were appropriated to the work abroad. The society has published the New Testament and some parts of the Old in "raised characters," for the use of the blind, and is now engaged in printing the remainder for that unfortunate class of the population. It is twenty-six years since the American Bible Society was instituted, and it In the year 1837, a Bible society was now has branches in all parts of the coun- formed among the members of the Baptry. It has sent out, in all, 3,269,678 cop-tist churches, entitled the “American and ies of the Bible, or of the New Testament, from its depository.* Last year alone 216,605 copies went forth to bless the nation. In the years 1829 and 1830, great and systematic efforts were made to place a Bible in every family that was without one throughout the whole land. Much was accomplished, yet so rapid is the increase of the population, that these efforts must be repeated from year to year; and the work can only be done by dividing the country into small districts, and engaging active and zealous persons to visit every house from time to time, ascertain what families are destitute of the Scriptures, and supply them by selling or giving away copies, according to circumstances. Great efforts are also made at New-York, and Foreign Bible Society." It was formed with special reference to the circulation of translations in the course of being made by that body of Christians. Some, at least, of these translations the American Bible Society thought it could not, consistently with its constitution, aid in publishing, because the original words baptize and baptism have been translated into words equivalent to immerse and immersion. However much it may be regretted that these words, about the meaning of which there has been so much philological disputation, are not permitted to remain untranslated, so that all denominations might be put upon the same footing, and be enabled to continue united in the work of Bible circulation, the issue will, it is likely, prove that in this, as in many similar cases, God is about to make an apparent obstacle mightily subserve the advancement of his kingdom. The new society has taken up, the work of foreign publication with great zeal, and doubtless it will serve to develop the energies of the large and powerful body of Christians who sustain it, to an extent to which they never would have gone but for its formation. The receipts last year, being the sixth of its existence, were 20,691 dollars; the expenditure 21,068 dollars. Meanwhile, the resources of the American Bible Society have increased instead of having diminished. CHAPTER XX. gelical Family Library, of fifteen volumes each, and of the Christian Library, of forty-five volumes each. Many thousands of separate volumes, also, of these sets were sold, and 77,000 copies of the Christian Almanac for the United States. From 100,000 to 150,000 of some of the smaller tracts were distributed; and the total sent into circulation during eighteen years has been ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE PUBLICATION AND CIR- 1,300,896,847 pages, or about 80,806,460 of CULATION OF RELIGIOUS TRACTS AND BOOKS. No branch of religious enterprise has been more vigorously prosecuted in the United States than that of preparing, publishing, and circulating moral and religious writings in various forms. The wide diffusion of education, at least among the white part of the population, makes it obvious that powerful advantage may be taken of the press in promoting the truth. Associations of various kinds are engaged in this good work. We have seen that the Sunday-school societies are doing much for supplying the youth of the country with moral and religious reading; we have now to speak of other societies which aim at benefiting adults, not, however, to the exclusion of the young. tracts and volumes. The receipts for the year 1843 amounted to 42,433 dollars from donations, and 49,904 from sales; in all, 96,240 dollars. Fifteen thousand dollars were sent to foreign countries in aid of the tract cause abroad. The Society is assisted by auxiliary associations in all parts of the United States, both in the collection of funds, and in disseminating its publications. Some of these local societies, such as those at New-York, Boston, and Philadelphia, are large and efficient. The Society is zealously prosecuting two grand measures, into which I shall enter the more fully, inasmuch as they are of the utmost importance to the religious well-being of the country, and also more or less practicable in other lands. First among these associations may be The first of these is the publication of volranked the American Tract Society, which, umes of approved excellence, such as Bunlike most others of a general and national yan's Pilgrim's Progress, and Doddridge's character, has its seat in the city of New-Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul, York. It was instituted in 1825, and hence and their distribution throughout the counhas been eighteen years in existence. It try. It proposes to place not only one is founded on the broad principle of uniting volume at least, as was resolved some in its support Christians of all evangelical denominations of Protestants, so far as they may be disposed to co-operate in its objects; its Committee of Publication is composed of ministers of the Gospel of the different orthodox communions; and its publications themselves convey those great truths and doctrines in which all of these communions can agree. The operations of no society in America seem to have been prosecuted with greater vigour or more wisdom. Its Report for 1843 states that, since its commencement, it has sent forth 1069 different publications, of which 131 form volumes of various sizes by themselves, and the remainder are, with few exceptions, what are called tracts, each consisting of four pages and upward, but requiring more than one to make a volume. It has published some broad-sheets and hand bills for posting up in public places or otherwise. And besides these 1069 publications issued at home, it has aided in the publication of 1850 in foreign lands. The copies of its publications printed last year amounted to 4,156,500, of which 174,500 were volumes. During the same period 4,155,806, including 157,478 volumes, actually issued from its depository. Among the volumes were several thousand sets of the Evan years ago, but even a whole copy of its Evangelical Family Library, of fifteen volumes, or its Christian Library, of fortyfive volumes, in as many households as are willing to buy them; and in seeking to accomplish this end, it employs able men, ministers of the Gospel and laymen, as agents. These visit towns and cities, preach in the churches, raise funds to supply the poor with books, organize committees who are to visit all the families in their respective districts, and engage all who are able to buy one book or more, and to supply such as are too poor to purchase. Another set of agents consists of plain, but sensible, pious, and zealous colporteurs, or hawkers, generally laymen, who are sent into the "Far West" to carry books and tracts to the frontier people, engaged in felling the forests on their everonward course towards the setting sun, as well as into the mountainous districts, and the thinly-settled belt of sandy country which stretches along the ocean in the Middle and Southern States. The number of these colporteurs is at present sixty. Though in operation but a few years, this enterprise had in 1842 placed 1,800,000 volumes in the hands of families, comprising at least 4,000,000 of souls. calculate the amount of good which such Who can |