American red species, but since they are com→ mon in the wild state and are fairly stable, they are often grouped under the species name, R. neglectus. Several varieties have been widely cultivated. Their fruit ranges from purple, through reds to yellow.

Raspberries succeed best upon deep, moist, but well-drained loamy soils; the blacks upon the heavier and the reds upon the lighter. The more retentive of moisture the soil is the better, since the fruit ripens at a time when water is often scarce. Hence the addition of humus is usually desirable. It may be most easily obtained in the form of stable manure and green manures, such as clover grown at least one year before planting to raspberries. The ground should be plowed as deeply as possible without turning up the subsoil, and after harrowing, the plants set. Clean cultivation both ways is usually practised until midsummer when a cover crop of crimson clover or some shallower rooting plant is sown to be turned under the following spring. Sometimes, however, other crops, such as peas, beans, tomatoes and other shallow rooting vegetables which are not tall, are grown between the rows for one or perhaps two years. Wood ashes, muriate of potash, superphosphates and ground bone are favorite sources of potash and phosphoric acid. With adequate tillage during the summer, spring plowing may be avoided.

The pruning of the red varieties consists in pinching back the shoots during the first season, allowing only about five canes to grow in each stool in after years, avoiding the pinching of shoots unless the soil is very strong and the growth rampant, and cutting out the old canes as soon as they have fruited. The pruning of the blackcaps consists in pinching off the tips each year as soon as they have reached a height of about 20 inches. This tends to make the canes stocky and self-supporting. Spring pruning consists in shortening in the branches to about 18 inches and removing pruny and excess shoots. This latter amounts to thinning and should be carefully done.

For market the fruit should never be picked until after the dew has dried and should be shipped to market in small packages. Red raspberries are usually marketed in pint baskets. Black raspberries, especially for canning, are often gathered by jarring the ripe fruits into aprons with boxes attached, the fruit being passed through a fanning mill to blow away the leaves, etc. Generally, however, the picking is done by hand with red raspberries and with both kinds for the best markets.

Among the numerous insects which feed upon the raspberry are two species of_caneboring beetles, Agrilus ruficollis and Oberea bimaculata; wilting of the canes is usually the first indication of their presence, cutting and burning the injured ones is the only remedy recommended. The striped tree-cricket (Ecanthus nigricornis) often lays its eggs in the stems, but is considered to be a beneficial insect otherwise, since its food consists largely of plant-lice. Several caterpillars and other foliage-chewing insects, such as the raspberry saw-fly (Monophadnus rubi), occasionally prove troublesome, and some of the stink-bugs reveal their presence by their disagreeable flavor when inadvertently eaten. General remedies have been recommended for these insects. (See

INSECTICIDE). Several so-called plant diseases have been reported upon the raspberry. The orange rust has never been successfully combated. It attacks weak plants. Digging out and burning the plants attacked by it is the only remedy. It should be done as soon as the disease is discovered in May. Anthracnose has been held in check by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. See FUNGICIDE.

Consult Bailey, Standard Cyclopedia Horticulure (New York 1914-17); Card, BushFruits (New York, 2d ed., 1917); books on insects listed under INSECTICIDE, and numerous bulletins of Agricultural Experiment Stations and of the United States Department of Agriculture.

RASPE, ras'pe, Rudolph Eric, German mineralogist and author: b. Hanover, 1737; d. Muckross, Donegal, Ireland, 1794. In 1767 he was made professor in the Collegium Carolinum of Cassel, and curator of the Landgrave's museum of coins and antiquities. He published at this time papers on mineralogy and geology. In 1775 he went to England, where he was variously employed, generally as a mining expert. He published in 1785 Baron Münchhausen's Narrative of his Marvelous Travels and Campaigns in Russia,' founded in part on the hunting stories of one Baron von Münchhausen, of Hanover. His work appears as chapters ii-vi of the later Münchhausen (q.v.). Among his other writings, apart from his works on mineralogy, may be noted A Descriptive Catalogue of a General Collection of Engraved Stones> (1791) and several philosophical stories. See ADVENTURES OF BARON MÜNCHHAUSEN.

RASPUTIN, ra'spoo-ten', from the Russian word rasputny, dissolute, profligate, libertine, licentious: an opprobrious nickname conferred upon a notorious Russian monk named Gregor Novikh (q.v.).

RASSAM, räs-säm', Hormuzd, Turkish archæologist: b. Mosul, Asiatic Turkey, 1826; d. Brighton, England, 16 Sept. 1910. Having formed the acquaintance of Layard (q.v.) in 1845 when the latter was beginning his explorations of Nineveh, Rassam accompanied him on his return to London and entered Oxford University, after which he went with Layard on several archæological expeditions. In 1851 Rassam, upon commission from the British Museum, collected for that institution a number of specimens of Assyrian art, particularly a series of sculptures representing the lion chase. In 1864 the British government dispatched him on a mission to Abyssinia to secure from King Theodore the release of their consul, Mr. Cameron, and others held prisoners; but he was himself taken prisoner and held until the defeat of Theodore's army by Sir R. Napier in 1868. After 1876 he resumed his collections for the British Museum, the most notable of which were the bronze gates of Balawat, dating from Shalmanezer II, 858-824 B.C., and the "AbuHabba tablet," from the temple of the sun-god in Sippar, recording the restoration of the temple by Nabu-apal-iddin. The British Museum was also enriched by his discovery of 5,000 tablets representing, probably, the library of an ancient Babylonish king. Rassam published a 'Narrative of the British Mission to Theodore' (1869); Asshur and the Land of Nimrod'

(1897); The Garden of Eden and Biblical Sages,' and 'Biblical Lands.'

RASSE, răs, a small arboreal civet (Viverricula malaccensis), which is widely distributed in southeastern Asia and the Malayan islands, and long ago became naturalized in Madagascar. It is slender, agile in tree-climbing, has no erectile mane and lives in holes in rocky and brushy districts. In confinement it is easily tamed and feeds on small animals, which it catches with cat-like dexterity. Hence it is often kept in houses in the East as a ratter, and also for the sake of its civet, which is artificially removed from the glands. It is a handsome little animal of a yellowish or brownish gray color, with longitudinal bands on the back and regular spots on the side; tail 1617 inches long with eight or nine complete dark rings; length of body and head about 24 inches; known, zoologically, as the lesser-civet. Consult Blanford, Jerdon, Tennent and other authorities on Oriental zoology.

RASSELAS, the name usually given to a moral story with an Oriental setting written_by the famous lexicographer and essayist, Dr. Samuel Johnson, and published in the spring of 1759, in two volumes, under the title of The Prince of Abyssinia: A Tale.' It reached a second edition the same year, and has since been often reprinted and translated, maintaining its rank as a notable if somewhat old-fashioned English classic. There is uncertainty as to just when and why and in how short a space of time it was written, but it seems clear that Johnson composed it rapidly at the period of his mother's death in January 1759, and that he probably used some of the money it brought him for filial purposes connected with that

event.

Scholars have exercised themselves over the sources and the materials of the story, and have shown that Johnson did not invent his happy valley, his Abyssinian paradise; but they have taken away none of the credit due him for selecting an impressive theme the vain search of youth after happiness and for treating it with adequate weight of thought, soundness of feeling and dignity of style. The book plainly belongs with the grave, solid, somewhat magniloquent essays of his middle period rather than with the less stilted biographies of his old age, and it holds by his early years in owing something to his translation of the French version of Lobo's "Voyage to Abyssinia.' Everyone of its 49 short chapters, however little calculated to arouse the interest of the experienced reader of modern novels, is thoroughly representative of Johnson himself - of his sturdy morality, his common sense, his wide knowledge of men and books, his sombre but far from cowardly and depressing views of life.

The plot is simple in the extreme. Rasselas, shut up in a beautiful valley, "till the order of succession should call him to the throne," grows weary of the factitious entertainments of the place, and after much brooding escapes with his sister Nekayah, her attendant 'Pekuah and his poet-friend Imlac. They are to see the world and search for happiness, but after some sojourn in Egypt, where they frequent various classes of society and undergo a few mild adventures, they perceive

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the futility of their search and abruptly return to Abyssinia. That the plot should be so simple, that local color should be almost nonexistent, that episodic elements, e.g., the story of Imlac and that of the mad astronomer, should abound, is not surprising when one considers what didactic purposes the Oriental tale of 18th century western Europe was intended to serve and remembers that Johnson was a moralist and essayist, not a novelist. What does surprise is that with so little of incident, with no love-making, with few endeavors to charm the fancy, with but slight recognition of the claims of sentiment, Rasselas' is none the less a story that deserves its fame. It does this, not so much because it is, like Candide,' but in a very different way, an effective protest against shallow optimism, whether of deist or of "hustler," but because it contains not a little of the courageous philosophy of life which a great, unique personality had formed for himself at the height of a literary career full of moving vicissitudes. Consult the editions of G. Birkbeck Hill and of O. F. Emerson.

WILLIAM P. TRENT.

RASTATT, räs'tät, or RASTADT, a town of Baden, Germany, on the river Murg, about four miles from the Rhine and about 15 miles southwest of Karlsruhe. It was formerly a fortress of the first rank but in 1892 the fortifications were dismantled. The town has manufactures of lace, tobacco and cigars. Pop. about 15,196. Rastatt was the scene of two diplomatic congresses in the 18th century. The first congress of Rastatt met in 1713 to arrange terms of peace between the emperor and France, then still engaged in the war of the Spanish Succession. Peace was concluded 7 March 1714. In accordance with the terms of the treaty, signed by Marshal Villars and Prince Eugene, France gave up possession of the towns of Kehl, Freiberg and Breisach, and the electors of Cologne and Bavaria were reinstated in power. The terms of the Treaty of Utrecht (q.v.) were ratified. The second congress of Rastatt met in 1797 for the purpose of terminating hostilities between France and the empire. After negotiations had been prolonged for more than a year, war broke out again between France and the allies and the congress suspended its sessions (April 1799). As the French representatives, Roberjot, Bonnier and Debry left the city on the evening of 28 April they were set upon by a company of hussars wearing the Austrian uniform and the first two were murdered and the third sabred and left for dead in a ditch. The papers of the legation were carried off, but no other spoil was taken. This violation of the law of nations aroused the indignation and horror of all Europe. Many attempts have been made to fix the responsibility for the deed. Some have ascribed the crime to the Austrian government which was desirous of obtaining certain papers in the possession of the ambassadors; others maintain that the murderers were French émigrés, while others still assert that the act was instigated by Napoleon and other leaders of the War party in France for the purpose of exasperating the French people against Austria. In 1849 the town again became conspicuous as the stronghold of the Baden revolutionists.

RAT, any of several large rodents of the mouse family (see MOUSE), especially two species of "house-rats" now habituated to civilization in all parts of the world. The black rat (Musrattus) is of light and slender build, about seven inches in length, usually of a bluish black color, but sometimes grayish, and has quite large, thin ears. The brown rat (M. decumanus) or Norway rat, as it is often inappropriately styled, is much heavier and larger, with short, rounded cars and a dull brown color. Both species are believed to be natives of China but the black rat was abundant in Europe at least as early as the 13th century. The brown rat migrated from western China, entering Russia in great numbers in 1727, and from there quickly spreading over Europe, which was fully occupied by it by the middle of the 18th century. By its greater fecundity and ferocity it quickly overcame the black rat, which it has now replaced in most parts. It infested ships and by this means has been carried to all parts of the world. Its wonderful capacity for increase (from 20 to 50 annually), its boldness, tough, elastic constitution and adaptable nature, make it everywhere dominant, and its omnivorous habits, voracity and destructiveness frequently lead it to become a source of great annoyance, loss and disease about human habitations. The ferocity of this species when brought to bay is well known; and when driven by hunger it is so ravenous that neglected babies have been known to be killed and eaten by them, and a few cases are recorded where even able-bodied men have suffered a like fate when attacked by hordes of rats. They are also agents in the spread of disease, particularly bubonic plague and trichinoses. Against their many faults may be set the solitary virtue that they serve a useful purpose as scavengers in the city sewers, etc. The albino and black and white pied rats sold for pets by bird dealers are derived from the black rat, which has a far milder disposition. The rats of the United States include the black and brown of Norway, above described; the roof, or white-bellied (M. tectorum) of the Southern States, named from its preference for thatched roofs for its abode; the Florida (neotorua Floridana) a habitat of the Gulf States, common to wild places and swamps, and frequently nesting in trees; the Cotton (Sigmodon hispidus), named from its use of cotton in forming its nest; and the Rocky Mountain, which is destructive to the trappings and stores of campers. Rat skins make fine leather for gloves.

RAT-KANGAROO. See KANGAROO.
RAT PORTAGE. See KENORA.

RAT-TAIL, one of the pelagic, cod-like fishes of the genus Macrourus, specifically Macrourus bairdi of the coast-waters of the eastern United States. The body terminates in a long, compressed, tapering tail, covered with spiny, keeled or straited scales. About 40 species are known.

RATA, any of several New Zealand trees of an Australian group of the myrtle family which includes the local ironwoods. Foremost among them is Metrosideros robusta, a tall strong tree, of very hard wood, used by the natives for making their war-clubs and by the colonists in cabinet-work and in shipbuilding.

Another species (M. florida) is a huge climber. These trees have very showy flowers, usually red, and characterized by many long erect stamens; and several species of the genus are cultivated as ornamental shrubs, and have been acclimatized in other parts of the world. One (M. tomentosa) is known in New Zealand as "fire-tree."

RATAFIA, răt-a-fe'a, generic name of a series of cordials, prepared usually by mixing an alcoholic liquor with the juice of some fruit or some flavoring_material and sugar or syrup. The name is of French origin, and is said to have been given in consequence of the former habit of preparing a choice drink to be used at the ceremony of ratifying a treaty. A favorite flavoring is the almond — hence, bitter almonds, as well as cherry, peach, apricot, plum and other similar kernels, are much used; but many other flavors are also used, as orange flowers, gooseberries, raspberries, aniseed, chocolate, black currants, etc.

RATANY, or RHATANY. See RATTANY. RATCHFORD, Michael D., American labor leader: b. Clare, Ireland, August 1860. He came to the United States with his parents in 1872, settling in Stark County, Ohio, and entered the coal mines soon afterward, studying in the evening schools. He became an active trade unionist in 1880, was elected president of the Massillon, Ohio, miners in 1890 and continued active in labor organization, serving as president of the United Mine Workers of America in 1897-98. During his presidency of that organization he succeeded in gaining the eight-hour day in bituminous coal fields and secured an annual wage contract between mine workers and operators. He was a member of the National Industrial Commission in 1898-1900; served as commissioner of labor statistics of Ohio in 1900-08; was commissioner of the Ohio Coal Operators in 1909-12, and since 1913 has been commissioner of the Illinois Coal Operators' Association.

RATEL, a South African badger (Mellivora capensis), rather larger than the common European or American badger, which lives in burrows in open districts. It differs from the Indian honey-badger (q.v.) mainly in the presence of a distinct white line along its sides, from the nose to the hocks, separating the black underparts from the blanket-like gray of the back. It is easily tamed, and is amusingly active in confinement, continually running about its cage and turning odd somersaults to attract attention of spectators, from which it seems to derive great pleasure.

RATHBONE SISTERS, Order of. See ORDERS, RELIGIOUS.

RATHBUN, Richard, American naturalist: b. Buffalo, N. Y., 25 Jan. 1852. He was educated at Cornell and at the University of Indiana. He was assistant geologist of the Geological Commission of Brazil in 1875-78, and assistant in geology at Yale in 1879-80. Since 1880 he has been curator of the United States National Museum. He was scientific assistant on the United States Fish Commission in 1878-96, being in charge of the scientific inquiry after 1887; and in 1892-96 he was United States representative on a joint commission with Great Britain for the purpose of

RATIFICATION, in law, the confirmation, sanction or approval given by a person who has arrived at his majority to acts done by him during his minority. It has the effect of giving validity to such acts as would be otherwise voidable. "An act performed by one for another, is adopted as his own act when by him ratified. Ratifications are either expressed or implied. The former are made in express and direct terms of assent; the latter are such as the law permits for the acts of the principals."

In Scotch law the acknowledgment by a married woman, apart from her husband and before a justice of the peace, that a deed executed by her is voluntary, and with full knowledge of its legal effect. In this sense the term corresponds to what is technically called in England and the United States an "acknowledgment" by a married woman. In American political life the term is applied to a popular endorsement of an act by party leaders, as a nomination for public office. The term is also synonymous with "confirmation," as when a verbal, telegraph or telephone agreement is confirmed by a signed evidence from the parties in interest.

RATIO (from the Latin ratio, meaning reckoning, calculation), in mathematics, the measure of the relation which one quantity bears to another of the same kind; that is, the number of times that one quantity contains another regarded as a standard. This is found by dividing the one by the other. The quotient or ratio thus obtained is the proper measure of the relation of the two quantities. Some mathematicians define the ratio of one quantity to another as the quotient of the first quantity divided by the second, and others define it as the quotient of the second quantity divided by the first. The operation of finding a ratio is purely numerical, and the resulting ratio is consequently an abstract number. Ratios are known as prime or ultimate, according as the ratio of the variable quantities is receding from or approaching to the ratio of the constant quantities. Proportion is the relation of equality subsisting between two ratios. See MATHEMATICS; PROPORTION.

RATION, in the army and navy, is the allowance of provisions given to each officer, noncommissioned officer, soldier and sailor. In the American army the ordinary ration is commonly supplemented by additional articles bought with what is known as "the company fund," money derived from certain allowances made to the soldiers. The American troops and sailors are as well fed as any in the world, whether in camp or war. The rations have varied with the time and place. A standard United States garrison ration includes 20 ounces beef, 18 flour, 2.4 beans, 20 potatoes, 2.8 prunes, 1.12 coffee, 2 sugar, 0.5 canned milk, 0.5 butter, 0.6 lard and minute portions of salt, pepper and vinegar. For a field ration bacon

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usually takes the place of beef, and the bread may be reduced with an increase of canned beans, tomatoes, etc. A forage ration for a horse is 12 pounds oats, 14 of hay; the mule being lighter is fed 9 pounds of oats, but the same quantity of hay. During the World War bakeries were maintained in the army to supply fresh field bread whenever possible. The cost of the United States army rations has advanced steadily, being 13.18 cents in 1890. 14.42 in 1895, 16.97 in 1900, 16.18 in 1905, 21.44 in 1910, 25.32 in 1915, 26.81 in 1916 and 32 in 1917. British army rations are nearly identical with the American; the German is less expensive, they introducing considerable rice, zwiebach,

etc.

RATIONALISM, in its more general signification, denotes a tendency or attitude of thought, either on the part of an individual or an age, to demand that prevailing beliefs, customs and institutions shall be subjected to critical examination, and be required to justify themselves before the court of reason. In its more specific sense, the term refers to the doctrines of a particular school of philosophical thinkers, which flourished mainly in France and Germany during the 17th and 18th centuries and which regarded reason as the only source of certain knowledge and the only test of truth.

In the general and more popular use of the term, rationalism is equivalent to a demand for a reasonable explanation in scientific terms. The rise of rationalism is thus in many respects identical with the development of the scientific spirit of inquiry. As such, it is opposed to mysticism and supernaturalism. Lecky, in his History of the Rise and Influence of Rationalism in Europe,' explains the word as follows: "By the spirit of rationalism, I understand not any class of definite doctrines or criticisms, but rather a certain cast of thought, or bias of reasoning, which has during the last three centuries gained a marked ascendency in Europe. At present, it will be sufficient

to say, that it leads men on all occasions to subordinate dogmatic theology to the dictates of reason and of conscience, and, as a necessary consequence, greatly to restrict its influence upon life. It predisposes men, in history, to attribute all kinds of phenomena to natural rather than miraculous causes; in theology, to esteem succeeding systems the expressions of the wants and aspirations of that religious sentiment which is planted in all men; and, in ethics, to regard as duties only those which conscience reveals to be such." Between the claims of revealed religion and the spirit of rationalism the conflict has been especially sharp and long-continued. This opposition shows itself even before the birth of Christianity in almost all of the older religions. In Greece, for example, where religion was only to a very slight extent embodied in dogmas, the philosophers were nevertheless frequently charged with atheism, or with perverting and destroying the national religion through their rationalistic teachings. With the establishment of the Christian Church, the doctrines of religion were explicitly declared to be above reason and to rest upon a higher authority than human reason could afford. Nevertheless, from time to time there arose thinkers within the Church itself who strove to reduce the theological doctrines to a rationalistic

basis, interpreting them in such a way as to minimize or destroy the supernaturalistic elements which they contained. Of these mediæval rationalists Abelard (q.v.), 1079-1142, is perhaps the most famous. It was not until the 18th century, however, that rationalism became strong enough and bold enough to make open war upon the prevailing theological beliefs and doctrines. This century was called the age of enlightenment, and in it the demand arose on all sides that everything should be explained in terms of the clear and distinct ideas of reason, that mysteries and superstitions should be abolished, that the authority of Church and State should be limited and subordinated to the principles of reason and the interest of the individual members of society. The Deistic movement in England is especially noteworthy as maintaining the right of individual free thought in matters of religion, and as attacking the abuses and absurdities in the existing theological creeds. Lord Herbart of Cherbury and John Locke may be regarded as forerunners of English Deism (q.v.). The best-known representatives of the movement are John Toland (16701729), Anthony Collins (1676-1729), Matthew Tindal (1657-1733), Thomas_ Chubb (16791747) and Thomas Morgan. The influence of this movement was felt throughout Europe. In Voltaire it found a spokesman of extraordinary literary power who had also the courage to carry its principles to its logical conclusions.

The spirit of rationalism, in so far as it represents the claims of free scientific inquiry, may be said to have already won its triumph. This triumph too, it must be admitted, was largely the result of the enthusiastic zeal of the apostles of the enlightenment. Nevertheless, the spirit of modern inquiry has been profoundly modified in many respects during the 19th century. In the first place, it has lost the narrowness and hardness that it necessarily exhibited so long as a large share of its strength was expended in negative criticism and in making war upon prevailing creeds and institutions. In addition, it has been transformed by the historical and evolutionary conceptions that have become dominant in every field of inquiry, leading men's thoughts to problems of genesis and origin, and so to understand and sympathize with much that appeared absurd and unmeaning to the older rationalists. The 18th century rationalists regarded the world as static; they looked at each thing as it actually stood before them in their own day, and judged it by the unfailing standard that each individual was supposed to possess in the clear and distinct ideas of his own individual reason. The historical point of view has brought with it a broader conception of reason and what is rational; it has taught us that it is only in the light of its origin and function that a thing can properly be judged, and that, accordingly, there may be a truer rationality in historical creeds, beliefs and institutions than in the self-confidence of the individual of clear and distinct ideas who ventures to criticize what he does not understand.

The philosophical doctrine known as Rationalism owes its origin to Descartes (1596-1650), and has its home mainly in France and Germany, while empiricism (q.v.), the theory to which it was directly opposed, flourished mainly

in England. The rationalistic philosophers take mathematical demonstration as the perfect type of knowledge and seek to model their procedure in all fields of inquiry on what they assumed to be its method. From the chaotic and contradictory material supplied by senseperception they believed that real knowledge, science, could not be attained. Mathematics, however, reaches its results in independence of such a source. It begins with fundamental principles and conceptions which are self-evident and proceeds by means of logical analysis and reasoning to show what further results are necessarily involved and implied in the startingpoint. Now, the rationalistic thinkers maintain that what has been achieved in this particular science may be carried out universally by the application of the same method. That is, the true method of knowledge consists in first discovering by analysis the fundamental truths that lie at the basis of all thinking. These truths are not derived from experience, but, like the mathematical axioms and first principles, are native to the mind, innate ideas or a priori truths that are the starting-points for all demonstration and all science. When these are once discovered, it is the further task of philosophy to deduce by logical reasoning the further results that follow from them. In this way the rationalists supposed that it was possible to arrive at conclusions in philosophy that are as demonstrably certain as the propositions of geometry.

Besides Descartes, the chief representatives of rationalism are Spinoza (1632-77), who adopted the geometrical form of proof in his chief work, the Ethics'; Leibnitz (1646-1715), and Christian Wolff (1679-1754). The lastmentioned philosopher, though the least original, exercised a great influence over the thought of Germany by his terminology and by the systematic way in which he divided the field of philosophy into the so-called sciences of rational cosmology or physics, rational psychology, and rational theology. The first of these seeks to furnish demonstrative proof of the fundamental nature of the physical universe; for example, that it is limited in space, had a beginning in time, is made up of indivisible parts, etc. Rational psychology sets out from the conception of the soul as a spiritual substance and attempts to prove that it necessarily follows as a result of this initial conception, that the soul is simple, indivisible, indestructible and, therefore, immortal, and, moreover, that it possesses certain faculties, such as those of representation, desire, as essential to its true nature. In like manner, rational theology dealt in the same a priori and deductive way with the various proofs for the existence and attributes of God. This was the form of rationalism in which Kant was educated and it is against these so-called rationalistic sciences that he directs his attack in the dialectic of the Critique of Pure Reascn.' The criticism of Kant was so penetrating and thoroughgoing that it annihilated at a blow the claims of rationalism. It did this by pointing out, in terms that could neither be mistaken nor denied, the falsity of the assumptions upon which this philosophical theory Kant is thus the destroyer and finisher of rationalism. Bibliography.- Lecky,

rests.

'History of the