with more security, than other animals of the same species. On the coasts of the gulf of St. Lawrence is found the walrus, or sea-horse.-Among the domestic animals of C., which are much the same as those of Europe, there are scarcely any peculiarities worthy to be mentioned. The Canadian horse is a hardy, active animal. His best pace is a trot; and, in a light cariole, upon smooth hard roads, a single horse has been known to draw two persons 90 m. in twelve hours. It is affirmed that he will eat dried fish in the winter season; but he is most of all remarkable for the extraordinary operation which he frequently undergoes, when travelling on the frozen lakes and rivers. In these excursions, it is not uncommon for the sledge and horses to sink suddenly in the weaker parts of the ice, when the traveller springs from his seat upon the ice, which is generally strong enough to support his weight, and instantly proceeds to save his cattle. As their struggles in the water would only tend to sink them the sooner, he pulls with all his strength a rope, with a running noose, which is previously fixed around the neck of each, in case of such accidents, till he succeeds in strangling the animals. As soon as this happens, they float upon one side, and are easily drawn out upon the ice. It is sometimes necessary to draw blood from them before they recover; but, in general, whenever the noose is loosened, respiration recommences in a few minutes, the creatures start to their feet, proceed with their usual vigour, and perhaps go through the same process two or three times in one day. This singular fact is avouched to be strictly true, both by Chattelaux [vol. i. p. 408] and Gray [p. 277].-The native dogs of Canada are all of the same species, with erect ears, and a head very much resembling that of a wolf. They are very useful to the Indians in the chase; and the colonists frequently employ them in the draught. They are yoked to sledges in winter, proportioned to their size and strength; and in this way one of an ordinary size will frequently draw more than 200 lbs. weight, with his driver, in addition, standing behind the sledge. They are thus employed in a variety of domestic services, in dragging children in small carriages, in bringing water from the river, and particularly by the butchers in transporting meat to their customers in different parts of the towns.

and legs. The moose deer is of two kinds, the black and the grey; both of which are, perhaps, the largest of the species. The former is said to be from 8 to 12 ft. high; the latter is generally taller than a horse; both have broad palmated horns, weighing from 30 to 40 pounds. They feed on herbage and the young twigs of trees; and in winter are found in great herds. The caribou, or rein-deer, is distinguished from other animals of this kind, by its branching palmated horns, with brow antlers. They herd together in great droves, and annually emigrate from north to south, and back again. The stag, or red deer, is of many kinds.-Of bears there are two principal kinds, the brown and the black; the latter is almost peculiar to the northern parts of Europe and America. The brown bear frequents the most retired parts of the forest, and is a solitary savage animal. Its form is too well known to require description. Its senses of hearing, feeling, and smelling, are said to be exquisite. It is remarkably fond of honey and several kinds of fruits. Its voice is deep and surly, and its passions are easily provoked. When taken young, however, it may be tamed. About the end of autumn it retires to its den, and lives for some time, it is said, absolutely without food, in a state of inactivity. At this time the female brings forth her young, and suckles them: she produces two, sometimes three at a time. Of the black bear there are two kinds; one has a thick clumsy body, and short legs, and is generally fat. The other has long legs, is lean, and seems to partake of the nature of the wolf. This animal is carnivorous, the other is supposed to feed chiefly on fruits; the latter retires to his den, and becomes torpid in winter, the former emigrates towards the south. The one is the same with the black bear of Europe, and is confined, in America, to the northern districts; the other corresponds to the brown bear of the Alps, and is found in every part of America.The wolverene, called in Canada the carcajou, has some resemblance to the European badger; his length is about 14 ft., and his circumference 2 ft.; his legs are short, and his paws large and strong. He follows the hunters, and destroys both their traps and the game that may be in them.-In Canada wolves are numerous, and different kinds of foxes, as the silver-fox, the red-fox, grey-fox, cross-fox, brandt-fox, and many others. A great variety of the cat kind are found in the northern parts of AmeOf the birds peculiar to C., we may particularly rica. Of these none are more dreadful to the hun- specify the night - hawk, which is seen chiefly at ter than the catamount, a fierce animal, which flies twilight, and before thunder-storms; the fish-hawk, from no pursuer. The length of his body, including which frequents rivers and lakes, and is supposed to the head, is said to be about 6 ft.; his legs are one attract the fish to the surface by a peculiar oil which foot long, and body about 23 feet in circumference. he emits; the humming-bird, which sometimes ocHe leaps with amazing agility, attacks the largest curs in the neighbourhood of Quebec; cranes, with cattle, and has been known to carry away children. bills 12 inches in length; the wood - duck, which -The loup-cervier abounds in the northern parts of roosts on trees, and is remarkable for the brilliance America, and is valued for his soft warm fur.-Nei- of his plumage, and the delicate flavour of his flesh; ther North America, nor any part of the world, pro-and the snow-bird, a kind of ortolan, which anduces an animal more remarkable than the beaver, for the uncommon instincts displayed by it in every part of its life. It is not a very large animal: its length from the nose to the tail being only about 3 ft. Its fine fur constitutes a principal article of commerce, and is used in a variety of manufactures. The most valuable kind is black; but this is scarce. The ordinary kind is of a chestnut brown. A few have been found white, and some spotted; but both these kinds are extremely rare.-C. abounds likewise in otters, weasels, ermines, martins, minks, and other animals, valuable only for their furs. Among a great variety of squirrels, is that little animal called the flying squirrel, which, by a kind of membrane connecting its fore and hind legs, and which it extends at pleasure, can leap much farther, and alight

nounces the return of spring, and is the principal bird of song in Canada. The earliest travellers in this country observed that large species of poultry commonly supposed to be peculiar to Malabar.

Of reptiles we may enumerate 9 different species of tortoises, 8 of frogs, 10 of lizards, and 46 of snakes. The most dreadful animal of this kind is the rattle-snake, so well known for the fatal effects of its bite. It has received its name from the rattle which it has in its tail, which consists of joints loosely connected. They grow to the length of 8 feet, and, according to some accounts, they sometimes reach the length of 14 feet. They are viviparous, and, in June, bring forth generally about 12 young ones. It is described as having a brown head; yellowish back, marked with broad trans

verse dentated bars of black; scales rough; belly | end. The wheels are brought to its side and canted; cinerous; the jaws furnished with small sharp teeth; and four fangs in the upper jaw, incurvated, large, and pointed, the instrument of death. At the base of each is a round orifice opening into a hollow, which near the end of the tooth appears again in form of a small channel; these teeth may be erected or compressed; when in the act of biting, they force out of a gland near their roots the fatal poison, which is received into the round orifice of the teeth, conveyed through the tube into the channel, and thence with unerring direction into the wound. These animals, it is said, seldom attack any person unless provoked or injured. Before they bite they give warning, by making a noise with the rattle in their tail. This warning is always given in fair weather, but in wet weather it is sometimes omitted; and, for this reason, the Indians as much as possible avoid, in such weather, to wander in the forests. They have not the power of springing to the attack; so that, by the warning which they give, and the slowness of their motions, they may, in general, be easily avoided. The bite, if upon a vein or artery, produces almost instantaneous death; but if in a fleshy part, the effect is not so sudden nor so certain. The most effectual cure is immediately to cut or burn out the wounded part. Deadly as the bite of the snake is, the Indians feed on its flesh without feeling any inconvenience; hogs will also eat it, but no other animal has been seen to taste it. Rattlesnakes no longer abound in the settled parts of North America, although they are still numerous in the back country; they chiefly frequent woods and hills. The two-headed snake is by some supposed to be a distinct species; by others it has been reckoned a monstrous production.

the mast is fastened to the axes, and a yoke of oxen, by a vigorous pull, bring them up to their proper position. The greatest danger is in passing down a steep hill, or over a sharp ridge. In the former case they are obliged to yoke several oxen behind it, to prevent its too rapid descent. In the latter case. those nearest the draught are often suspended, and sometimes are killed. The value of masts, yards, and bowsprits, according to their various diameters, varies: masts, from 25 inches in diameter to 34 inches, bring £13 8s. sterling to £90; yards, 17 inches to 24 inches, £6 10s. to £32 sterling; bowsprits, 25 inches to 37 inches, £2 10s. to £52 sterling. All these are hewn into the proper shape before the dimensions are taken which determine the value.The hemlock - tree is a most valuable wood. It abounds in the lower province, and is worked up for bridges, roofs, fences, barn-floors, &c. Under water, no length of time will have the slightest effect on its durability; and it possesses that adhesive nature, that a nail, or tree-nail, once driven, can never be removed. It is not adapted to fine work, but in point of strong durable timber, it has no superior.Again, there is the curly maple, or bird's eye,' which in cabinet-ware far surpasses, in point of beauty, the Spanish mahogany. The wild cherry wood is also very handsome in furniture.-The sugar maple trees are more numerous here than in the United States; they are to be found in almost every part of the country, and sometimes large tracts of land are entirely covered with them. There are two species: the best will yield about 1 lb. of sugar from 3 gallons of sap. It is sold at half the price of West Indian sugar. The most approved method of obtaining the sap is by piercing a hole with an auger in the side of the tree, of about an inch in diameter, and two or three in depth, obliquely upwards; the common method is by cutting a large gash in the tree with an axe. In either case, a small spout is placed at the bottom of the wound, and a vessel placed underneath to receive the liquor as it falls. A maple tree of the diameter of 20 inches will com

five pounds of sugar each year. The season for tapping is the commencement of spring, when the sap begins to rise. The sap is boiled until it comes to a proper consistency.-Several other trees are used in the manufacture of pot and pearl ashes. They yield in the following proportions: 1,000 lbs. of mapleashes will make 110 pounds of potash; of oak, 111; of elm, 166; of hickory, 180; and of beech, 219.

Vegetable productions.] The C. forests produce a great variety of different kinds of trees, making excellent timber; many of them of stupendous size, and apparently coeval with the soil on which they stand. The durability of colonial timber, when employed for the purposes of shipbuilding, is only onehalf that of European timber, and it is no longer employed in the royal dock-yards; but of the pur-monly yield, for 30 years, sap sufficient for making poses for which timber is employed, there are some for which American timber is peculiarly fit. Whereever a large surface and freedom from knots are required, this timber is superior to every other. The sounding boards of musical instruments require a larger and clearer surface than Baltic timber can supply. All carving is more easily performed on American wood; and for blinds it is also superior. There are some other purposes for which it is equal In addition to the principal products of agriculture, to European: such as the inferior kinds of packing- which have been already noticed, it may here be cases, window-frames, sashes, doors, window-shut- mentioned that various other kinds of grain and pulse ters, and some parts of the inside of buildings.-The are raised in C, especially rye and beans; the last white-pine, called by way of distinction the mast- of which are of a smaller size than the European, pine, is fitter than any other tree to be made into and are much used by the Indians, who eat them masts. It is of very great size, and has a more when boiled as an accompaniment to bear's grease and majestic appearance than any other tree in the North lard. Gourds and water-melons are cultivated as fieldAmerican forests. It is sometimes found straight crops, and are used as bread by many of the native and sound, about 8 feet diameter at the butt end, tribes. The orchards and gardens, especially in the and between 80 and 100 feet in length, without neighbourhood of Montreal, abound in a great varibranches. To fell a tree of this extraordinary size ety of fruits and vegetables of the finest quality. requires great labour; and to prevent it from being The apples are particularly good, and yield an excelhurt in the fall, requires some dexterity. When it lent cider. Peaches, plums, gooseberries, raspberhas been felled and lopped, the labour is far from ries, and currants, are found in the greatest perfecbeing completed. It is still to be conveyed to the tion and abundance; and, with the protection of nearest water-carriage; and if the distance be great, glass, grapes may be raised for the table equal to and the way rough, this conveyance is attended with any in Portugal. In a natural state are found the an immense toil, and no inconsiderable danger. Va-crab apple tree, bearing a fruit of better size and flarious contrivances have been, from time to time vour than that of Europe; the plum tree, green and adopted, to lessen the labour, and diminish the dan-purple, both greatly relished by the natives; the ger. At present they are generally transported to cherry tree, black, red, and sandy-coloured, but the water on two pair of wheels, one pair under each first only bears a fruit pleasant to the taste; the

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them 10 per cent. of silver, which would make its commercial value between 4,000 and 5,000 dollars per ton. Veins of lead, rich in silver-ore, are reported to exist near St. Paul's bay, 50 m. below Quebec.

Commerce.] At the time when C. was discovered,

mulberry, red and white, resembling those of France and Italy; sweet gum tree, yielding a kind of balsam, which the Indians highly value as a salve and febrifuge; vines are very common, and some bear excellent grapes; there are besides gooseberries, currants, raspberries, strawberries, juniperberries, cranberries, bearberries, &c., in the utmost abundance.the governments of Europe were so engrossed with Among the more remarkable shrubs may be noticed sassafras, found only in Upper C., which grows to the size of an apple tree, and the berry of which is sometimes used as a spice; a kind of willow, the roots of which are of a fine scarlet colour, and are used by the Indians to tinge the ornamental parts of their dress; moose wood, the bark of which makes nearly as good cordage as hemp; and the myrtle wax tree, the nut of which yields an excellent wax of a green colour. The most valuable roots are spikenard, sarsaparilla, and ginseng, which last was first discovered in the woods of C. in the year 1718, and, being exported to Canton, was pronounced to be equal in quality to any that could be procured in Corea or Tartary. Its price immediately rose in Quebec from 18. 6d. per lb. to £1 0s. 10d. sterling; and the value of its export amounted, in 1752, to £20,000. But the C. traders, too anxious to enrich themselves on a sudden, began to reap the plant too early, and to dry it hastily in ovens, instead of gradually evaporating its moisture in the shade; by which means they destroyed its quality, and completely ruined its sale among the Chinese, by whom chiefly it is used as a stomachic.-Besides the flowers usually found in the more northern countries of Europe, the woods of C. are universally adorned by the fragrant blossoms of the Syrian asclepias; and, amidst a variety of curious and useful herbs, we can only notice the rattlesnake plantain, the leaves of which are considered as the most effectual cure for the bite of the reptile from which it takes its name, and which is said to be most luxuriant in its growth during those months of the year when the bite of that creature is most venomous. Canada abounds in natural grass; and cattle fatten easily upon the wild growth during sammen. A particular species, very long and rank, called l'herbe au lien, grows upon some of the islands, and forms a most durable covering for stables, barns, &c. A graminaceous vegetable, nearly allied to the rice, zizania aquatica, grows abundantly in all the shallow streams, in situations that refuse all other culture, and forms a principal article of support to the wandering Indians.

the supposed wealth in precious metals of Mexico and Peru, that no country in which these were not produced was considered as deserving of attention: and when it was understood that no mines were to be found in this quarter of North America, the colony of New France fell into disrepute, before a proper knowledge could be acquired of its soil and productions. This early prepossession to its disadvantage was the principal source of the future discouragements and obstacles with which the commerce of C. had to struggle; and it never attained any degree of prosperity as long as it remained in the hands of the French. It sustained great injury, also, by the frequent alterations which took place in the medium of exchange; especially by the inconveniences which resulted from the introduction of card or paper money. In 1706, the whole trade of the colony was carried on with a fund of 650,000 livres, distributed among a pop. of 30,000 inhabitants. During seven years of its most flourishing period, previous to its conquest by the British, its annual imports were valued only at £160,000, sometimes at £240,000; while its exports seldom exceeded, and frequently did not reach, the sum of £80,000. The balance was supplied by the sums which the French government expended in paying the troops, building ships, raising fortifications, &c.; and the bills drawn upon the treasury of France on these accounts were not long very punctually paid. For a few years after the reduction of the colony, the British traders derived considerable assistance from the quantity of furs which had been previously collected, and from the sums of money which were regularly remitted for the payment of the large military force then supported in the country; yet the commerce of C. was still rather in a declining than increasing state; and, in 1769, the quantity of produce exported amounted only, according to Heriot, to £163,105; but, according to Lambert, to £345,000; and was shipped in 70 vessels belonging to Great Britain and her colonies. During almost thirty years longer, its commerce continued in a state of great fluctuation, according to the varying degree of demand in Europe for its productions; but, in the year 1795, it was considerably augmented by the scarcity of grain which prevailed about that time in Great Britain and most of the European countries; and not less than 128 vessels, 19,953 tons, arrived that year in the river of St. Lawrence. At that period, also, the construction of vessels at Quebec was

Minerals.] It has been reported that silver-mines exist in C.; but if they do exist, they have never been wrought, nor anything extracted from them that can entitle them to become a national concern. Several metals, however, have been found here, which are essentially useful to the human race. Of this kind are copper, iron, and lead: in the two lat-begun by a company of London, and considerable ter articles C. abounds. Coal is found in many parts; but wood is still so abundant that coals are little sought after. Fine specimens of marble have been recently quarried, and black lead ore seems to abound in the lower province. There is reason to believe that a vast mass of rich iron ore extends easterly and westerly from Lake Kamitchigamog, in the Newcastle district, to the Utawa river, in Lower C., with occasional breaks and intermixture of other strata, for a distance of nearly 300 m. Extensive copper mines have been recently discovered on Lake Superior. These mines, so far as yet worked, are within the first degree of latitude north of the entrance of that lake. The range of rocks within which the metallic veins are found, or rather the width of that zone within which they have been detected, is, at the greatest, so far as known, 6 m., and in the narrowest 1 m. Some of the copper ores carry with

profits were drawn from that branch of employment. In 1799, 1800, 1801, and 1802,, an immense quantity of grain was exported; and, in the last of these years, it amounted to 100,000 bushels of wheat, 38,000 barrels of flour, and 32,000 casks of biscuit. During the five years ending in 1805, the average amount of exports from C. to Great Britain and British settlements, according to Gray, was £767,705 17s. 3d., conveyed in 193 vessels, 33,996 tons. They consisted chiefly of wheat and other kinds of grain; beef, pork, and fish of various sorts; timber in the form of planks, staves, masts, oars, &c.; pot and pearl ashes; flax-seed, apples, and essence of spruce; butter and tallow, soap, beer, and castoreum: horses, cattle, and hides; stoves, manufactured at Trois Rivieres; vessels, built at Quebec; and furs and peltry, equal in value to more than one-third of the whole. The imports from Britain and British

settlements, which paid duty, amounted to £204,105 |
17s. 6d., consisting principally of wines, spirits, su-
gar, molasses, salt, coffee, tobacco, cards; while
those which paid no duty were calculated to have
nearly equalled the difference between the above
sum and the value of the exports, namely, £563,600.
In 1806, the tonnage of the shipping employed in the
trade of the colony amounted to 33,996; in 1811, to
223,762 tons. The number and tonnage of the ves-
sels that belonged to C. in 1846 was 604 vessels =
67,523 tons; in 1849, 723=87,464 tons. The num-
ber of steamers belonging to all the ports in 1849 was
10316,169 tons. In 1848, 1,346 vessels 506,899
tons, entered the ports of Montreal and Quebec in-
wards; in 1849, 1,332 vessels=489,861 tons.
The chief articles of the Canadian trade at pre-
sent are furs, peltries, timber, wheat, flour, biscuit,
flax-seed, and lumber of various kinds, fish, potash,
oil, lard, hides, bacon, hams, and beef. In return it
receives rum, coarse cloth, linen, muslins, silks, fur-
niture, wrought iron, brandy, molasses, coffee, sugar,
wines, tobacco, salt, chocolate, dry goods, and pro-
visions for the troops; and for trading with the In-
dians, guns, powder, balls, flints, kettles, hatchets,
toys, and trinkets of various kinds. In 1843, the
collective imports of the whole British N American
colonies were £3,038,415, of which £1,126,536 be-
longed to C. as distinct from the other provinces.
In 1845, they amounted to £5,024,053, of which
£2,599,966 belonged to C. Of the total exports from
the British N American colonies in 1843, amounting
to £3,228,542, £1,381,159 were from C.; and of those
in 1845, amounting to £4,254,522, £2,185,469 were
from C. From C. in 1848, the exports from
Montreal and Quebec amounted to £1,749,167;
and from the inland ports to £772,432: making a
total of £2,521,599, or £1 13s. 4d. for each head of
pop., while the rate per head for Great Britain, in
1848, was £1 10s. 7d. The exports in 1849 amounted
in value to 9,955,095 dollars, of which 5,593,696 d.
went to Great Britain; 3,429,769 d. to the United
States; and 466,326 d. to British N America. Among
the exports of 1849, lumber was the largest item;
ashes amounted in value to 848,980 d.; furs 129,528
d. The quantity of wheat exported in 1849 was
1,002,269 bushels; of oats 348,773 b.; of beans and
pease 190,990 b.; of flour 490,335 barrels.-The fol-
lowing table shows the official value of goods im-
ported at the twelve principal ports of entry, with
the duties paid to government thereon in 1849:

Timber Trade.] There are annually about 600 timber-freights from C. to Great Britain. A ship performs about two voyages annually, and, consequently, this trade occupies about 300 ships, of a burden ranging from 150 to 1,000 tons. The quantity of squared timber of all kinds brought down to the port of Quebec in 1846 exceeded former periods, being 37,404,409 cubic feet, against 27,749,094 cubic feet in 1845, and 17,850,891 cubic feet in 1844. According to returns issued from the supervisor of Culler's office, the following is the number of feet of the various descriptions of timber measured at Quebec up to the 28th of August 1849, as compared with the corresponding date in the two preceding years, viz.: white pine, in 1849, 9,518,114 feet, against 5.663,782 in 1848, and 7,836,019 in 1847; red pine, in 1849, 1.698.721, against 3,211,944 in 1848, and 8,235,924 in 1847; oak, 514,599 in 1849, against 901,015 in 1848, and 1,372,993 in 1847;

elm, 901,900 in 1849 against 955,093 in 1848, and 1,668,995 in
1847; ash, 58,106 in 1849, against 34,250 in 1848, and 117,580 in
1847; basswood 4,119, against 4,355 in 1848, and 11,061 in 1847;
butternut, 1,255, against 2,188 in 1848, and 5,733 in 1847; tama-
rac, 114,803, against 400,755 in 1848, and 553,523 in 1847; birch
and maple, 103,474, against 28,185 in 1848, and 87,434 in 1847.
In 1845, the ships loaded at Quebec with timber for British ports
amounted to 554,018 tons; in 1848, to 407,816 tons; in 1849, to
436,600 tons. The winter of C.-during which the timber is felled
and hewn-is a season of the most intense and piercing cold. The
rivers down which it has to be conveyed are broad, in many places
rapid, and throughout dangerous for the navigation of timber-
rafts. On the opening of spring, the timber is immediately
launched into the water, and there bound together in separate
portions, or cribs as they are called; the separate cribs bound
together form what are called rafts. These huge masses of tim-
ber float down the St. Lawrence and the Utawa, at the mercy of
the winds and waves, which often in one half-hour irrecoverably
disperse the labour of a whole year. The St. Lawrence and the
den and great falls in their beds; and are also constantly spread.
Utawa are continually interrupted by rapids occasioned by sud-
ing out into small lakes of from 30 to 40 m. in breadth, which,
even during a slight breeze, are extremely hazardous to so un-
quently so dangerous as to make the safe arrival of a raft at
wieldy a machine as a timber-raft. The navigation is conse-
Quebec a matter of equal uncertainty with a prize in the lottery:
and it is estimated that one-third of the timber annually rafted
having stores and money advanced by the merchants of Mont-
is lost. The master lumber-man is usually a small farmer, who,
real, or the storekeepers of Quebec, neglects and mortgages his
farm to try his fortune in a timber-speculation. The sufferings
that this man and his fellow-labourers undergo in their occupation
are incredible. In the depth of the immense forests, in the most
intense cold, the therm. generally ranging between 10° and 80°
below zero, in a rudely-constructed but made of logs and bark,
through which every breath of wind penetrates, do these men
pass the whole of the winter; while, the moment that spring
arrives, and the rivers have thawed, they have to pass whole
days in the water, employed in binding the timber together.
When the raft is prepared, and the rivers are open, it has to be
navigated to Quebec: and now another mode of life begins, and
a new course of evils follows: one of which is the almost invariable
loss of health: no one ever yet saw an aged raftsman. The inten-
sity of the cold, the long immersions in the water, the excessive
use of ardent spirits, and the burning sun of a C. summer, would
destroy the hardiest constitution that ever existed. Another evil is
the sudden transition from great exertion to a state of absolute idle-
ness. A raft may be wind-bound for weeks, and the men cannot
be dismissed. Accustomed at one time to strong excitement, the
lumber-man cannot pass a state of listlessness and inactivity; he
must have some other excitement, and hence he almost certainly
becomes a gambler. Another and a most serious evil is, that
they may commit crime with almost absolute impunity. Con-
tinually passing from one part of the country to another, and
living in large bodies, it is impossible to distinguish the culprit
among 40 or 50 persons, all perhaps equally guilty; they cannot
be made amenable to the laws. It is besides now pretty gene-
rally acknowledged that the protection long given to colonial
timber by the mother- country was injudicious. In the first
place, it cost Britain not less than £1,000,000 per annum. In
the second place, it compelled us to use timber of an inferior

quality. Thirdly, it is not true that the encouragement of this
trade was a means of clearing the country; for pine and oak
form but a fractional part of a Č. forest. And, lastly, it has been
justly observed that "the great misfortune of these and the
neighbouring British provinces has been the originally granting
of what is generally termed 'protection; but of which the in-
justice to the many is now beginning to be generally seen, and
the ultimate advantage to the few doubted; particularly when
carried to such an extent as in the case of C. Having but one
object of industry, and one market for disposing of its pro-
duce, they were constantly subject to revulsions, every depres-
sion in the trade of the mother-country being immediately and
fatally extended to the colony." [Times] The C. annexationists
represent the duties levied on their corn and lumber when im-
ported into the United States as likewise narrowing their market.
"To some extent this may be true; the frontier C. farmer might
occasionally find it for his advantage to dispose of his produce on
the American side, and may be prevented by the protection
which the American farmer derives from the import duty. Great
Britain, however, can offer a strong inducement to the Americans
to repeal their import duties. C. timber is at present protected
in the British market by a differential duty on all foreign timber.
The American states from which lumber is shipped would gladly
be relieved from this differential duty in the British markets; and
on the other hand, many of the states of the Union would gladly
have the importation of C. timber into them made duty free.
The removal of the remnant of protection on C. timber in the
British market, and the abolition of all duties on timber and corn
imported from C. into the United States, would be alike beneficial
to that republic, to Great Britain, and to C. Here is a lever in
the hand of the British government by which the disadvantage
under which the C. annexationists say they labour may be re-
moved at no distant date; whereas in the present temper of the
southern states, C. has no chance of being received into the
Union. It is by remaining part of the British empire that the
Canadians are most likely to be relieved from the burdens to