learned work called The Court of the Gentiles (1669-1677), in which he attempts to prove that every European language springs from Hebrew, and that all heathen philosophy was borrowed from the Scriptures, or at least from the Jews. As a Nonconformist, he was deprived of his fellowship at the Restoration.

MATTHEW HENRY (1662-1714) was the son of Philip Henry (16311696), and became, like his father, an eminent Nonconformist divine. His well-known commentary on the Bible (1708-1710) still enjoys a certain popularity; its style is plain

and concise.

JOHN HOWE (1630-1705), chaplain to Cromwell, was an eminent Independent minister, and wrote various theological treatises and

sermons.

ROBERT LEIGHTON (1611-1684), Archbishop of Glasgow from 1670 to 1674, has earned a most illustrious reputation from his Commentary on the First Epistle of St. Peter. Its magnificent style almost takes us back to the Elizabethan age; but there is very little overcrowding of words, while the depth of its thought is amazing. Coleridge called attention to it in his Aids to Reflection, and although, unfortunately, the book is little read to-day, it has

never wanted its students and admirers. It was published, with the rest of Leighton's Remains, between 1692 and 1708.

WILLIAM LOWTH (1660-1732), prebendary of Winchester and rector of Buriton, made valuable additions to the theology of his age in his Commentaries and his Vindication of the Divine Authority of the Old and New Testaments (1692). He was the father of the well-known Bishop Lowth. (See p. 503.)

JOHN OWEN (1616-1683) was the most famous of all the Independent divines, and a most voluminous writer. His Exercitations on the Epistle to the Hebrews (1668-1684) is his best known work. He was a man of great benevolence and piety, and wrote good, albeit rather featureless English. Under Cromwell, he was chosen to usurp the offices of dean of Christ Church and Vice-Chancellor of Oxford.

B.-SCOTTISH DIVINES.

SAMUEL

THOMAS

1661).

1712).

RUTHERFORD (1600

HALYBURTON (1674

THOMAS BOSTON (1677-1732). During this age the Presbyterians and Nonconformists generally were "Marrow" controversy, the occasion much perturbed by the great of which was a book called The Marrow of Modern Divinity. It had been published in 1645, more than covered it and started the dispute. seventy years before Boston re-disThis work was warmly received by one party, while another as warmly rejected it. It gave rise to much disturbance and contest. The author was commonly supposed to be one Edward Fisher, but his identity is uncertain.

The three writers mentioned above took part in the quarrel, all three of them divines of a severe and sombre cast. However, their massiveness of

thought and richness of style contrast very favourably with the dull produced by the later Puritans in and formless theology which was England. Rutherford, the minister

of Anwoth in Galloway, and principal of St. Mary's College, St.

Andrews, is a remarkable instance of self-denial and devotion to his calling. He was deprived of his living in 1636 and exiled to Aberminster Assembly, and died soon deen. He took part in the West

after the Restoration. He is mentioned by Milton in his sonnet on "The New Forcers of Conscience under the Long Parliament."

C.-OTHER PROSE WRITERS.

ELIAS ASHMOLE (1617-1692) was a learned antiquary, and married the daughter of Sir William Dugdale (see below). His chief work was The Institutions, Laws, and Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1672). He wrote numerous other works, and was the founder of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, whose origin was a museum bequeathed to him by his friend Tradescant.

EDWARD BROWNE (1644-1708) of Norwich and Trinity College, Cambridge, was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Browne, and rose to great eminence as a doctor, being a physician to Charles II, and, for the last four years of his life, President of the Royal College of Physicians. He did some work as a translator, but his most memorable book is his Brief Account of Some Travels in the Balkan peninsula and the Austrian dominions. He went as far as Larissa in Thessaly, out of respect to the memory of Hippocrates, who had been a doctor there.

SIR WILLIAM DUGDALE (16051686) produced one of the most valuable contributions to the knowledge of ecclesiastical antiquitiesthe English Monasticon (1665-1673). He also published The Baronage of England (1676), The Antiquities of Warwickshire Illustrated (1656), A History of St. Paul's Cathedral (1658), etc. It is impossible to do sufficient justice to Dugdale's astonishing learning, which justifies us in calling him the first of English antiquaries. His work, unlike that of so many of his contemporaries, can never go out of date, but must always remain a leading authority on its special subject. And, further, he is almost a solitary example of the scholar the extent of whose learning is fully represented by the quantity as well as the quality of his writing. "What Dugdale has done," says Anthony Wood, "is prodigious. His memory ought to be venerated and had in everlasting remembrance."

ANDREW FLETCHER (1655-1716) of Saltoun was a Scottish political writer of some note, who spent a very turbulent life, first, in opposing the Stewart government in Scotland, and, after his return from exile in 1688, in inveighing against union with England. His work consists

SIR MATTHEW HALE (16091676), Chief Justice of the King's Bench in the reign of Charles II, wrote several works, many, such as the Contemplations Moral and Divine (1700), being of a moral and religious character.

SIR GEORGE MACKENZIE (16361691), King's Advocate from 1677 to 1686, was hated by the Covenanters as the "bloodthirsty advocate." The reputation which he thus gained seems to have rested on no foundation, so far as his own character was concerned, beyond a certain heat and sternness of temper, and, in his early days at the bar (1661), he had pleaded the cause of Lord Argyll He wrote both verse and prose. His prose style is a remarkable example of belated enthusiasm for the long period, which had, in his own day, given place to the short sentence; and, both in his early novel, Aretina (1661), and in his later essays, he imitates the great masters of Caroline prose with considerable success. He is buried in the Greyfriars' Churchyard at Edinburgh.

HENRY NEVILLE (1620-1694), the friend of Harrington, the author of the Oceana, was also a member of the republican party. His treatise, Plato Redivivus, or a Dialogue concerning Government (1681), shows, however, a political change, as, in a dialogue between a Venetian nobleman, an English doctor (supposed to be Harvey), and an English gentleman, it advocates the monar chical form of government.

THOMAS RYMER (1641-1713), historiographer from 1692 to his death, is principally known as the

compiler of the Fadera. His importance as a writer consists, however, in a pair of essays in which he vehemently attacked the Elizabethan drama and advocated a return to the Greek model. The first of these appeared in 1678, the year after his own frigid tragedy, Edgar, and may therefore be considered as a piece of special pleading. The second diatribe, dealing with Othello and Julius Cæsar, appeared in 1692, fourteen years later than the first. The serious attention of his closing years was devoted to the Fadera (1704-1713), one of the most important collections of state papers in existence. Fifteen volumes were issued during Rymer's lifetime, the remaining two (1715 and 1717) were edited by his assistant, Robert Sanderson.

BULSTRODE Whitelocke (16051675), an able lawyer and a pro

minent member of the Long Parlia ment, was entrusted with an embassy to Sweden, and with other high offices, by the Protector. He wrote Memorials of English Affairs from the beginning of the reign of Charles I to the Restoration (1682), which are familiar by name to all readers of Carlyle's Cromwell.

ANTHONY WOOD (1632-1695) of Merton College, Oxford, is well known as the historian (1674) of the city and University of Oxford, and as the author of Athena Oxonienses (1691-2), an account of the eminent men educated at Oxford. His extraordinary and admirabie devotion to his University has done something, perhaps, to hinder his wider reputation as a writer of charming and quaint English prose; but all subsequent writers on Oxford owe almost everything to him, while his own life in Oxford was his ideal of happiness.

ENG. LIT.

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