Bulgarians and Turks, assumed the diadem and entered Constantinople, victorious over his rivals, in 1346. In 1347 he became joint emperor with John Palæologus, but really usurped the royal authority. He used his power with moderation, and endeavored to heal the wounds which five years of civil war had inflicted on the state; but religious disputes, civil dissensions and foreign enemies soon disturbed his government; and the jealousy of Palæologus, the rebellion of his own son, war, plague, the frightful disorders which prevailed in the empire, and his own loss of popular favor, induced him to renounce the crown. He retired to a monastery (1355), where he employed himself in literary labors. He is considered one of the greatest among the successors of Constantine. His 'Four Books of Byzantine History' were printed in 1645, and belong to the collection of the Byzantine historians. His other works, principally theological, are partly printed in the collections of Byzantine historians and partly in manuscript. Consult Pears, Destruction of the Greek Empire) (London 1903); ValParicot, 'Cantacuzème, homme d'état et historien (1845).

town, Rio de Janeiro state, 100 miles by rail northeast of Rio de Janeiro. The chief industry is coffee growing; sugar cane and fruits are also cultivated and cattle and swine raised. The former gold placer mines have been exhausted. Pop. 26,000.

CANTAL, kän' täl', France, a central department; area, 2,215 square miles; capital, Aurillac. It is named from its highest mountain, the Plomb du Cantal, Mons Celtorum of the ancients, which rises to the height of 6,094 feet. The department is one of the poorest and least productive districts of France. The climate is rather severe near the mountains, and agriculture is in a backward state. The principal crops are rye, buckwheat, potatoes and chestnuts and some hemp and flax. Of wheat and oats the product is insufficient for the consumption. In the declivities of the mountains there is excellent pasturage; cattle, sheep, horses and mules are raised in large numbers; and on the refuse of the dairies numerous pigs are fed. The fat cattle from this department are much esteemed, and are sent to all parts of the country. Large quantities of cheese are made, and sold principally in the south of France under the name of Auvergne cheeses. There are deposits of coal and marble. Hot mineral springs are abundant, those of ChaudesAigues being the most frequented. Cantal is divided into four arrondissements, containing 23 cantons and 267 communes. Pop. 223,361.

CANTALOUPE, a small round variety of muskmelon, globular, ribbed, of pale-green or yellow color and of delicate flavor; first grown in Europe at Cantalupo, in Italy. See MUSK

MELON.

CANTANI, kän-tä'nē, Arnaldo, Italian physician: b. Hainsbach, Bohemia, 15 Feb. 1837; d. Naples, 30 April 1893. He was educated at Prague, and was physician in the general hospital there. In 1864 he became professor of pharmacology and toxicology at Pavia; in 1867 he was director of the clinical institute at Milan, and in 1868 of that at Naples. In 1889 he became a senator of Italy. He investigated

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chiefly malaria, typhus and tuberculosis; and was influential in introducing the methods of German medicine into Italy. He wrote 'Manuale di materia medica e terapeutica' (1865); 'Manuale di farmacologia clinica' (1885-90).

CANTARINI, kän-tä-rë'nē, Simone, also known as IL PESARESE, Italian painter: b. Pesaro 1612; d. Verona 1648. He studied under Guido Reni at Bologna, where he afterward painted a large number of pictures, all much in the style, but without the grace and delicacy, of his master's work. His 37 etchings more closely resemble those of Guido. Throughout his life Cantarini's intolerable arrogance made him numerous enemies; and after a quarrel with his chief patron, the Duke of Mantua, he died in Verona. Among his best-known paintings are an Assumption'; 'A Holy Family; and Joseph and Potiphar's Wife.'

"sung

or

CANTATA, kăn-tä'tą, literally, music" to distinguish it from "sonata❞ "sounded music.» A musical term applied to an elaborate vocal composition, with different movements, arias, recitatives, with piano accompaniment. Orchestral accompaniments are also found, and in character the cantata may be anything from a short oratorio to a slight opera not intended for dramatic representation. In early times the cantata was sung by a single vocalist to the accompaniment of one instrument, in which form it was called cantata da camera to distinguish it from the church cantata which had a religious text.

CANTEEN, in the United States, a soldier's metallic water flask, containing two to three pints, and covered with a woven fabric. In England the canteen is combination pan, dish and plate, for use at mess by the army. (2) The departments of the British garrison store, usually divided into a dry canteen and wet canteen, the former being for general groceries and provisions, and the latter for liquid refreshment, excluding spirituous liquors.

Previous to 1901, beer and wine were sold at canteens in the United States army, though spirits were prohibited. In that year an anticanteen law went into effect, as the result of temperance agitation. Strong efforts were made in 1910 and 1911 to repeal the anti-canteen law, but they were unsuccessful. The canteen was succeeded by the "post exchange" (q.v.). The name, "canteen," is sometimes given at present (1918) to the stores and restaurants for soldiers established at the front by such institutions as the Y. M. C. A. (q.v.).

CANTERBURY, England, cathedral city, a parliamentary and a municipal borough, and a county borough under the Local Government Act of 1888. It is situated in the eastern division of the county of Kent, 55 miles distant by road from London and 62 by rail. It stands on the banks of the river Stour, is 14 miles from Margate and 16 from Dover. It is connected with Whitstable by means of a branch line of railway about seven miles in length. The town is on the lower London tertiaries.

Industries. The district is chiefly agricultural. Canterbury was formerly noted for its silks, velvet and brocade manufacture. Breweries, linens and worsteds, leather, bricks and lime are the main industries. It is the centre of important corn and hop markets. Ex

cepting the supply of electric light, there are no great municipal undertakings, not only the gas and waterworks but also the swimming baths being managed privately.

Churches, Buildings, Educational Institutions, etc. There are 14 parish churches and various chapels. In addition to the churches, of which the most historic is Saint Martin's, built originally by the Romans, Canterbury contains a number of interesting buildings, the principal of which are "The Guildhall (built 1439, rebuilt 1697), Market House, Saint Augustine's College, Chaucer's Inn, the 'Chequers of the Hope (1477), and the Crown Inn, erected by Prior Chillenden in the 15th century. The only remaining city gate is the West Gate, rebuilt by Archbishop Sudbury, 1380, and now used as a Museum of Arms and Armory. Saint John's Hospital, East-bridge Hospital and Saint Nicholas Hospital at Harbledown are picturesque survivals of ancient charitable foundations.

was

The public library was established in 1858. The museum, which has been in existence since 1825, is, together with the public library, housed in the Beaney Institute. This institute partially paid for out of a legacy of £10,000, left to the city by the late Dr. Beaney, a native of the city, who amassed a large fortune in Australia. The Cathedral library, which was founded in 1660, contains about 13,000 volumes, and the library at Saint Augustine's College has about 18,000 volumes. An art gallery was presented to the town in 1882 by Mr. T. Sidney Cooper, the famous artist, who was born in the city. Attached to the cathedral is a school founded by Henry VIII, and until recently a bluecoat school founded by Queen Elizabeth, now merged into a scheme called the Simon Langton schools. Saint Augustine's Monastery has been restored and enlarged and is now used as a Church Missionary College.

Canterbury Castle, one of the largest in England, was of Norman construction, but all that now remains of it is the keep.

The Cathedral.- The most remarkable object in the city is the cathedral, which is one of the finest ecclesiastical structures in England. No part of the original building remains. The cathedral is built on the site of a Roman church, which was renamed Christ Church by Saint Augustine when he was elected archbishop of Canterbury. The church was destroyed by fire the year after the Norman Conquest, 1067, but rebuilding was commenced three years afterward and was completed in 1130. This was again destroyed by fire four years afterward. It contains the tomb of Edward the Black Prince, 1376, also that of Henry IV and his Queen in the Trinity Chapel; the stone chair in which the archbishops are enthroned; and some beautiful 13th-century stained glass. The principal historical event connected with the cathedral is the murder of Thomas à Becket, which took place in 1170. The archbishop of Canterbury is Primate of all England and metropolitan for all the dioceses south of the Trent. See CATHEDRAL and CHURCH.

Government.- Canterbury sends a member to the House of Commons and is governed by a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Several charters have been granted to the city from

time to time, the first by Henry II and the last by Charles II, who granted a charter of incorporation in 1686. The first mayor was elected in the year 1448.

History.- Canterbury is supposed to have been a place of importance before the Roman invasion, the Roman name Durovernum showing apparently the British prefix Dwr, water, although antiquaries differ in the interpretation of the remainder of the compound. Druidical remains have been found here, together with the British weapons termed celts. Its importance during the Roman occupation is proved by the discovery of a great variety of remains and it is interesting to note that bricks of Roman manufacture have been found in certain portions of the remaining walls. It derives its present name from the Saxon Cant-warabyrig, the Kentishmen's city. During the residence of Ethelbert, king of Kent, the memorable arrival of Saint Augustine took place in 597 an event rapidly followed by the conversion of this King and his people to Christianity and the foundation of the archiepiscopal see of Canterbury. In the 8th and the three following centuries, the city was from time to time dreadfully ravaged by the Danes, and on one occasion, in 1011, nearly the whole of the inhabitants, including women, children and the archbishop himself, were barbarously massacred, and the cathedral burned to its bared walls. It was gradually reconstructed and at the Conquest its buildings exceeded in extent those of London. The ecclesiastical importance of the place, in particular, advanced with great rapidity, and was consummated by the murder of Thomas à Becket, whose canonization by the Pope rendered Canterbury the resort of pilgrims from every part of Europe. Not only were the priory and see enriched by the offering of the wealthy devotees, but the prosperity of the town itself was greatly advanced by the money spent in it by so many strangers. Erasmus describes the church, and especially the chapel in which Becket was interred, as glittering with the gold and jewels offered up by the princes, nobles and wealthy pilgrims to his shrine. Henry VIII appropriated all its revenues on the dissolution of the priory in 1539, when he ordered the bones of Becket to be burned to ashes. Several of the English monarchs have made a temporary residence at Canterbury, which was also occupied by Oliver Cromwell in the civil war, whose troopers made a stable of the cathedral. Pop. (1911) 24,626.

Bibliography.- Willis, Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral' (1845-69); Stanley, Historical Memorials of Canterbury' (1883); Hook, 'Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury); Jenkins, R., Diocesan History of Canterbury) (1880); Cox, Canterbury: A Historical and Topographical Account of the City' (1905); Taylor, Canterbury) in the Medieval Towns Series (1912).

H. T. MEAD. Librarian of the Public Library. CANTERBURY, New Zealand, a provincial district occupying the centre of South Island; capital, Christchurch. Its area is 14,040 square miles. The interior is mountainous, and covered with dense forests. The famous Canterbury Plain, of 2,500,000 acres, slopes

gradually down over a descent of 40 miles toward the sea. A rich loamy tract, admirably adapted for agriculture and cattle grazing, extends along the east coast, while the interior is a true pastoral country, well watered by numerous streams, and covered with a perpetual herbage of various grasses. A vast coalfield seems to underlie the whole country, and coal is worked in the districts of Timaru and Malvern. Good fire-clays, quartz, sand for glassmaking, marble, limestone, etc., are also found. The productions include wool, grain, frozen meat, skins and hides, butter, cheese and some silk. Pop. including Maoris, 173,185.

CANTERBURY-BELL, a name given to species of Campanula (q.v.), especially C. medium.

CANTERBURY TALES, The. 'The Book of the Tales of Canterbury' has a permanent claim on the attention of reading men. It represents the most mature and the most variously brilliant achievement of the man whom the world will always regard, and in many respects rightly, as the father of English poetry. In its structure it is, though uncompleted, the happiest scheme of the many that have been devised for presenting a series of stories in a manner at once natural, dramatic and the reverse of monotonous. In its setting it introduces us to an acquaintance on terms of intimacy with the society, high and low, of merry England's 14th century, an age of color, of contrasts and of essential liveliness. In its contents it offers an inviting approach, for most men probably the readiest, to the literature of the late Middle Ages, a realm of gold for all its dross, whose literary coin still bore, after its own peculiar fashion, some stamp of the antique Roman world and is still current in the world of beauty to-day.

"The Canterbury Tales,' as we know it, is a collection of 24 stories, two of them unfinished and two, for dramatic reasons, interrupted and not continued. These stories are bound together in a scheme, only partly realized, by means of the words of the host, Harry Bailey, toast-master of the occasion; by the talk of the pilgrims - the tellers of the tales-among themselves; and by occasional narrative and descriptive touches on the part of Chaucer, himself a pilgrim and reporter of the whole. Though some of the stories were composed earlier, the writing of many of them and the work of weaving them all into a garland seem to have been the chief literary activity of the last 15 years of the poet's life. For death found him with the work still unfinished.

The plan which the poet proposes at the beginning is characteristically ambitious; characteristically, again, it underwent modifications and adjustments as the work proceeded; this fact, together with the further rearrangements introduced by different copyists, makes it impossible always to speak with certainty of Chaucer's final intention. But enough of the structure emerges to give to the collection as a whole vastly more significance than any one story, or all of them arranged in a manner not so original, could possibly possess. It is perfectly possible for a continental critic, steeped in the literatures of the Romance tongues, to assert that he finds little in the "Tales that is

new to him. He might be understood, if he preferred, as most English readers would not, Boccaccio's version of the story of Palamon and Arcite to that which Chaucer puts in the mouth of the Knight. He might assure us with some truth that the story of the patient Griselda is a translation and nothing more of Petrarch's 'Latin version of the Decameron' story. And so he might go through the list, conceding, however, perhaps more readily than the English reader, the originality of Chaucer's adaptation of the fabliau type in the 'Miller's Tale, The Reeve's Tale' and the like, being more capable of appreciating these things in the Chaucerian spirit than the English reader, who is troubled, as Chaucer's audience plainly was not, by the indecorous character of the material upon which such splendid narrative artistry is lavished.

--

But to proceed thus is to refuse the poet credit for much that he has tried to do. He has not assembled his company of nine and twenty perhaps there were a couple of priests besides merely to treat us to a portrait gallery. High and low, every one, be it noted, succeeded in the life he had chosen, Knight, Squire, Monk, Prioress, on the one hand, Yeoman, Cook and Plowman on the other; rascals like the Friar, the Pardoner, the Summoner; professional men and tradesmen, and the never-forgotten Wife of Bath, all step before us, it is true, in the general prologue. Under the clear, encouraging eye of Chaucer they declare themselves for the folk they are, so that Dryden could see "their humors, their features and their very dress, as distinctly as if [he] had supp'd with them at the Tabard at Southwark." If Chaucer had stopped here, if he had given us nothing beyond his prologue, he would still have written something more brilliant, more sympathetic than anything that can be found in mediæval literature before him, but nothing essentially different from, let us say, the Etats du monde' of many a French satirist. But Chaucer, fortunately, does not stop there. Having got his characters, he set out to order his material in terms of drama. Tale was to be adjusted nicely to teller; character was to play upon character; little personal hostilities, class prejudices, different individual reactions upon some general theme of discussion were to bring the successive stories naturally and dramatically into being, as the pilgrims took their leisurely way along the well-known road to the shrine of the martyred saint. There was to be a constant flow of narrative, washing pleasantly upon the alternate shores of fiction, grave or gay, and of the real life of his own time. This plan, as has been said, is imperfectly carried through. To have conceived it at all, however, and even in part to have given to it poetic expression is to have made a distinct and permanent contribution to the literature of the world.

The reader to-day, making his way through this "God's plenty of stories, serious and trivial, dignified and the reverse, will find his pleasure in tracing out some of the threads of Chaucer's interests, which make up a strand capable of giving, in spite of imperfections, unity and significance to the whole. He will start easily with the 'Knight's Tale,' noting its nice adaptation to its grave, gentle, its thoroughly chivalrous teller, and he may, if he like, pass