acres; of the Waterford section, 20 acres. Pop. of the whole, 13,505. Pop. of co. Tipperary section, 13,010. Houses 1,384. Families employed chiefly in agriculture, 505; in manufactures and trade, 1,520; | in other pursuits, 691; dependent on property and professions, 173. Pop. of the Waterford section, 495. Houses 71. Families employed in agriculture, 45; in manufactures and trade, 38; in other pursuits, 20. Families dependent on property and professions, 2.C., notwithstanding its acknowledged antiquity, does not figure in any noticeable authentic event of ancient history. A siege which it underwent in 1650, and which terminated in its capitulation, is one of the most memorable in the annals of Ireland. C. gives the title of earl, in the peerage, to the family of Scott.

CLONMELLON, a town in the p. of Killua, co. Westmeath, 43 m. NW by W of Athboy. Pop. 859. CLONMETHAN, a parish in co. Dublin, 64 m. NW of Swords. Area 3,028 acres. Pop. 509. CLONMINES, a parish in co. Wexford, 10 m. SW by S of Taghmon. Area 1,380 acres. Pop. 377. CLONMORE, a parish in co. Carlow, 24 m. S by W of Hacketstown. Area 6,029 acres. Pop. 2,335. The mean alt. above sea-level seems to be about 320 ft.-Also a parish in co. Kilkenny, 54 m. SE by E of Carrick-on-Suir. Area 2,091 acres. Pop. 795.Also a parish in co. Louth, 24 m. E by N of Dunleer. Area 1,905 acres. Pop. 725.-Also a parish in co. Wexford, 4 m. S by W of Enniscorthy. Area 6,766 acres. Pop. 1,779.

CLONMORE, or KILLAVENOGH, a parish in co. Tipperary, 4 m. NE of Templemore. Area 8,159 acres. Pop. 3,557.

CLONMULSK, or CLONMELSH, a parish in co. Carlow, 4 m. S of the town of Carlow. Area 3,146 acres. Pop. 675.

CLONMULT, a parish in co. Cork, 53 m. SW of Tullow. Area 4,591 acres. Pop. 1,146.

CLONOE, a parish in co. Tyrone, 2 m. SSE of Stewartstown. Area 12,070 acres, of which 2,940 acres are in Lough Neagh. Pop. 6,817.

CLONONEY, or CLONANA, a village in the p. of Gallen, King's co., on the Brosna river, 3 m. WSW of Ferbane. Pop. 205.

CLONOULTY, a parish, partly in co. Tipperary, 44 m. SW of Holycross. Area 11,134 acres. Pop. 3,855. The highest ground is Knockbane, situated in the NW, and lifting its summit 1,188 ft. above sea-level.

CLONPET, a parish in co. Tipperary, 24 m. S of the town of Tipperary. Area 2,450 acres. Pop. 938. The surface consists chiefly of part of the N declivities and skirts of Slieve-na-Muck mountain. A mountain on the SE boundary has an alt. of 1,000 ft. CLONPRIEST, a parish in co. Cork, 24 m. SW of Youghal. Area 6,985 acres. Pop. 3,658. The surface extends along the shore of the Atlantic, from near the mouth of Youghal harbour.

CLONROACHE, a village in the p. of Chapel, co. Wexford. Pop. 265.

CLONRUSH, or CLONMULSK, a parish 103 m. S by W of Portumna, at the SE extremity of co. Galway. Area 11,850 acres. Pop. 3,115. The surface is part of the strongly mountainous W screen of Lough Derg, and of the belt of low, rich, ornate ground, which lies along the lake's margin.

CLONSAST. See CLONBulloge. CLONSHAMBO, a parish in co. Kildare, 34 m. SSW of Kilcock. Area 2,021 acres. Pop. 351. CLONSILLAGH, a parish in co. Dublin, 7 m. WNW of Dublin. Area 3,256 acres. Pop. 944. CLONSKEA, a village in the p. of Donnybrook, co. of Dublin. It stands on the river Dodder, in the SE environs of Dublin. Pop. 352.

CLONTARF, a parish, containing a small town of the same name, in co. Dublin. Area 1,190 acres. Pop. 2,664. The surface extends along the N side of Dublin bay. The village, or small town of C., stands on the N shore of Dublin bay, 2 m. ENE of Dublin. The principal part of it is a street which extends inland from the shore to the gate of C. castle, and forms a noble vista in front of that edifice. But the most pleasing parts consist of single buildings, and rows, chains, and clusters of houses, scattered through shaded and rural lanes. Pop. 818. CLONTEAD, a parish in co. Cork, 14 m. NE of Kinsale. Area 3,098 acres. Pop. 1,274.

CLONTIBRET, a parish in co. Monaghan, 6 m. NNW of Castleblaney. Area 26,554 acres. Pop. 16,833. The surface contains a water-shed of country, whence streams fall off toward respectively the NW, the N, and the E seas of the kingdom; and it is all rough, bleak, and more or less moorish or mountainous. The great lake of Mucknoe lies on the E border.

CLONTURK, a parish in co. Dublin, 14 m. NE of Dublin. It contains the villages of Drumcondra, Ballybough, and Richmond. Area 1,244 acres. Pop. 2,721.

CLONTUSKERT, a parish in co. Galway, 5 m.
NNW of Eyrecourt. Area 15,509 acres. Pop. 3,711.
Also a parish in co. Roscommon, containing the
villages of Ballyleague and C. Area 7,465 acres.
Pop. 3,221. Pop. of the v. of C., 184.
CLONY. See CLONEY.
CLOON. See CLONE.

CLOONAFF, CLONAFF, or CLONCRAFF, a parish in co. Roscommon, 5 m. NNE of Strokestown. Area 5,454 acres. Pop. 2,853.

CLOONDARA, or CLOONDRAGH, an island in co. Longford, formed by the Shannon and two branches of the Camlin. Its length, from N to S, is 13 m. Its whole surface is flat and low; and the greater part of its E half is bog.-The village of C. has a pop. of 416.

CLOONEENBEG, a village in the p. of Athleague, co. Roscommon. Pop. 236.

CLOONLARA, a hamlet in the p. of Kiltonanlea, co. Clare, on the cross-road from Killaloe to Limerick. Pop. 219.

CLOONOGHILL, or CLOONACOOL, a parish in co. Sligo, 3 m. WSW of Ballymote. Area 7,099 acres. Pop. 2,588.

CLOPHILL, a parish of Bedfordshire, 2 m. N of Silsoe, N of the Ivel. Area 2,340 acres. Pop. 1,066. CLOPTON, a parish of Suffolk, 4 m. NW of Woodbridge, near the London and Norwich railway. Area 1,480 acres. Pop. 389.

CLOS-VOUGEOT. See VOUGEOT. CLOSE, an extra-parochial district of Pembrokeshire. Pop. 50.

CLOSE WEST. See HIGHAM.

CLOSEBURN, a parish in Nithsdale, in Dumfriesshire, skirted by the Nith on the W. Area 30,000 acres, of which 23,000 are under pasture, and 5,600 in tillage. Pop. in 1801, 1,679; in 1841, 1,530.— The village of C. is 24 m, SE of Thornhill. Pop. in 1841, 123.

CLOSEHOUSE. See HOUGHTON. CLOSEWORTH, a parish of Somerset, 4 m. S of Yeovil. Area 1,030 acres. Pop. 164.

CLOTHAL, formerly CLEYHULL, a parish of Hertfordshire, 2 m. SE of Baldock. Area 3,520 acres. Pop. 495.

CLOTHERHOLME, a township in the p. of Ripon, W. R. of Yorkshire. Area 830 acres. Pop. 10.

CLOTHIER, a port on the N coast of Roberts island, one of the South Shetland group, in the South Atlantic, in S lat. 61° 45′. It is sheltered by

the Heywood islands and reefs from all winds, but is difficult of access.

CLOTTON-HOOFIELD, a township in the p. of Tarvin, Cheshire, 2 m. WNW of Tarporley. Area 1,550 acres. Pop. 417.

CLOVELLY, or CLAVELLY, a parish in Devonshire, 11 m. SW of Bideford. Area 4,200 acres. Pop. 950.

CLOVEN CLIFF, a remarkable isolated rock which marks the NW boundary of Spitzbergen. It is in N lat. 79° 52', and is named from its resemblance to a cloven hoof. From its perpendicular form it is never covered with snow.

CLOVER PORT, a village of Breckonridge co., in the state of Kentucky, U. S., 126 m. SW of Frankfort, on the S bank of the Ohio, at the mouth of Clover creek. Pop. in 1840 about 300.

CLOWN, a parish of Derbyshire, 8 m. NE of Chesterfield. Area 1,860 acres. Pop. 677. CLOYDAGH, or CLODY, a parish partly in counties Queen and Carlow, 3 m. SSW of Carlow. Area 2,053 acres. Pop. 1,499.

CLOYES, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of the Eure-et-Loir, arrond. of Châteaudun. The cant. comprises 15 com. Pop. in 1831, 12,482; in 1841, 13,409. The town is situated on the 1. bank of the Loir, 7 m. SW of Châteaudun. Pop. in 1846, 2,329. It contains some tanneries. CLOYGIN, a hamlet in the p. of Llandefeelog, Carmarthenshire. Pop. 208.

CLOUD (SAINT), a town of France, in the dep. of Seine-et-Õise, cant. of Sèvres, on the 1. bank of the Seine, 4 m. NE of Versailles, and 5 m. W of Paris. Pop. in 1831, 1,935; in 1841, 3,417. The town abounds with cafes, tea-gardens, and houses of public entertainment, being a chief holiday resort of the citizens of Paris. The chateau built for the duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV., is memorable in French history; and the park, which is always open to the public, is celebrated for the beauty of its scenery, and the magnificence of its water-works. The railway from Paris to Versailles, by the 1. bank of the river, is carried under this park by a tunnel 1,650 ft. in length. The fair of St. C., commencing on the 7th of September, and lasting three weeks, is one of the most celebrated of all the fêtes near Paris. CLOUDY BAY, a bay on the NE of the Middle island of New Zealand, opening eastwards into Cook's strait. In its extreme dimensions it may be considered as extending from Cape Campbell, in 41° 40′ S lat., to Koamaru, in 41° 7′ 8 lat, which separates it from Queen Charlotte's sound on the N, but the name is generally restricted to that portion of this large indentation which CLOYNE, a parish in co. Cork, containing the lies between White Bluff head on the S, and the SE part of town of Cloyne, and the village of Ballycotton. Cloudy harbour or Port Underwood on the N, and into which Area 9,969 acres. the Wai-roo or Providence river-navigable for several miles-Pop. 6,726. The surface is discharges itself at its SW angle. This bay, in common with drained partly by Ballycotton bay, and partly to Queen Charlotte's sound, is very rich in fish, and is much fre- Cork harbour.-The market and post-town of C., an quented by whalers. The inlet of Cloudy harbour, on the N shore, or Port Underwood-as it is now more frequently called ancient Episcopal city, stands 34 m. SSE of Middleextends in a NNE direction for about 5 m. It is formed on both ton, and 127 m. SW by S of Dublin, in the midst of sides by chains of hills, from which numerous buttresses run out a rich vale, about 2 m. NE of an offshoot of Cork towards the sea, forming between them small coves, with deep harbour. The town consists principally of two water, into which the whaling-ships have to boil down their fish. The breadth from cape to cape, at its mouth, which opens to the streets, which intersect each other's centre at right SW into the bay, is about 1 m. Its E point of entrance is in Sangles. Most of the houses are well built. lat. 41° 20', E long. 174° 10'. It is described by Captain Symonds as "one of the finest natural basins in the world." Its greatest drawback is that in heavy SE gales the sea breaks across its

mouth in from 7 to 9 fath. water.

CLOUGH, a village or small post-town, in the p. of Loughin-Island, co. Down, near the head of Dundrum bay, 4 m. ENE of Castlewellan, and 5 m. WSW of Downpatrick, on the road to Newry. Pop. 435.-Also a village in the p. of Castlecomer, co. Kilkenny, of a m. N of the Dinane rivulet, and 4 m. NNE of Castlecomer. Pop. 525. Also an ancient quadrangular fortalice in the p. of Aglish, co. Waterford. Also a hamlet in the p. of Chapel, co. Wexford, near the Boro rivulet, 3 m. SW of Enniscorthy. See also CLONES and LESKINFERE.

CLOUGH, or CLOGH, a village in the p. of Dunaghy, co. Antrim, near the N bank of the Ravel water, 6 m. N of Ballymena. Pop. in 1831, 121.

CLOUGH-MILLS, a village partly in the parishes of Dundermot-Grange and Killagan, co. Antrim, 24 m. NNW of Clough, and 84 m. SE of Ballymoney. Pop. 158.

CLOUGHTON, a chapelry in the p. of Scalby, N. R. of Yorkshire, 44 m. NNW of Scarborough. Area 3,510 acres. Pop. 454.

CLOUNAGH, CLOONAGH, or CLONAGH, a parish in co. Limerick, 2 m. SW of Rathkeale. Area 2,428 acres. Pop. 690.

CLOUNANAHA, a village in the p. of Inagh, co. Clare. Pop. about 160.

CLOUNCORAGH. See COLEMAN'S WELL. CLOUNCREW, a parish of co. Limerick. Area 1,715 acres. Pop. 485.

CLOUNEY, CLONEY, or CLOONEY, a parish of co. Clare, 34 m. E of Ennistymon. Area 10,225 acres. Pop. 3,077.

CLOUNSHIRE, or CLONSHIRE, a parish of co. Limerick, 1 m. WSW of Adare. Area 1,517 acres. Pop. 461.

CLOVA. See CORTACHY.

The

cathedral is a plain, heavy, ancient, cruciform structure, in good preservation, in none of its parts of earlier date than some period between the reign of Stephen and that of Edward I. About 100 ft. distant from the NW angle of the cathedral, stands a pillar-tower, 10 ft. in diam., and originally 92 ft. in height. In 1683 it was renovated and began to be used as a belfry; in 1749, a stroke of lightning rent the vaulted top, threw down the bell, and considerably damaged the walls of the pile. After this demolition of the conical roof, an embattlement was placed round the top, so that the tower slightly differs in appearance from the other interesting Irish antiquities of its class.-The palace and Episcopal demesne, connected with the cathedral, were the residence of a long line of bishops up to the recent annexation of the see to Cork and Ross. - The diocese of C. lies wholly within the co. of Cork, and comprises about one-half of that great territory. The length of the dio. from E to W is 50 Irish, or 63 English m., and its area was estimated by Dr. Beaufort to comprise 539,700 Irish acres, and, with the exception of 4 benefices not accurately measured, has been ascertained to amount in statute acreage to 811,658 acres. Pop. 494. Gross episcopal income £5,008 18s. 104d.; nett, from the see itself, £2,965 18s. 1d.; nett from Aghada and its adjuncts, £1,125 9s. 91d. The Roman Catholic dioceses of Cloyne and Ross are mutually annexed; and bear the name of the united diocese of Cloyne and Ross.-The trade of C. seems never to have much exceeded that of a mere village, and has now lost its main prop in the extinction of the town as a bishop's residence. Pop. 2,200. Families employed chiefly in agriculture, 97; in manufactures and trade, 234; in other pursuits, 106. Families dependent chiefly on property and professions, 24.

CLUDEN, a small village in the p. of Holywood, Dumfries-shire, 3 m. from Dumfries.-Also a river

in the same co., formed by the confluence of the Cairn and Glenisland, which, after a course of about 14 m., falls into the Nith at Lincluden.

CLUGNAT, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Creuse, cant. of Chatelus, 6 m. SW of Boussac, on the 1. bank of the Veraux. Pop. 1,996.

CLUIS, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Indre, cant. of Neuvy-Saint-Sepulchre, 13 m. W of La Chatre. Pop. 1,950. It produces wine, and fruit in great abundance, and is especially noted for its chestnuts. It contains extensive iron mines, and has a considerable commerce in grain, wine, cattle, and wool. Fairs are held monthly. The rearing of bees forms also an important branch of local industry. CLUMANC, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Basses-Alpes, cant. of Barême. Pop. 1,013. CLUMP ISLAND, an island in the common estuary of Victoria and Fitzmaurice rivers, on the NW coast of Australia.

CLUN, a parish, borough, and market town of Salop, 5 m. SSW of Bishop's Castle, on the Colun or Clun, which runs through the town and borough. Area of p. 22,600 acres. Pop. 2,077. Pop. of township 913.

CLUNBURY, a parish and township of Salop, 6 m. SSE of Bishop's Castle, on the Clun. Area 7,870 acres. Pop. 994. Pop of township 258. CLUNGUNFORD, a parish of Salop, 9 m. NE of Kington. Area 3,710 acres. Pop. 554.

CLUNIE, a parish of Perthshire, lying to the E of Dunkeld. Area 8,000 acres. Pop. 763. The surface is mountainous, reaching in its highest points an alt. of 1,800 ft. above sea-level. It contains a loch 2 m. in circumf. and 84 ft. in depth.-Also a stream in the p. of Crathie, in Aberdeenshire, which falls into the Dee at Castleton.

CLUNY, a parish in Aberdeenshire, to the E of Kincardine O'Neil p., and S of Monymusk. Area 7,000 acres. Pop. 959.

lakes at the foot of the Snowy mountains skirting the W coast, and winds through plains of great beauty and fertility to the sea on the E coast, defining the S boundary of the block of land purchased for the Otago settlement, and having its embouchure about 60 m. S of Dunedin. At its mouth it is a noble stream 200 yards wide, and flowing with a steady moderate current. It is barred, and is difficult of entrance from the surf over the bar; but inside it has 6 fath. water, and it is said to be navigable for whale-boats for 50 m. by the course of the river. By small vessels or steamers it might generally speaking be easily entered, but not by sailing vessels of any burden except under particularly favourable circumstances of wind and weather.

CLUTTON, a parish in Somersetshire, 3 m. S of Pensford. Area 2,120 acres. Pop. 1,434. There are extensive collieries in this p.-Also a township in the p. of Farndon, in Cheshire, 10 m. SSE of Chester. Pop. 110.

CLWYD, a river of North Wales, rising in the Bronbanog hills; flowing through a narrow valley in an ENE and N course to Ruthyn, below which it enters the rich vale of C., a level tract of 15 m. in length, and from 5 to 7 m. wide; passing St. Asaph, and having its volume of water greatly increased by the confluence of the Elwy a little below that town; and 3 m. below Rhuddlan flowing into the sea after a course of 30 m. It is navigable to Rhuddlan by flat-bottomed boats of 70 tons.

CLYDE a river traversing a large part of the W lowlands of Scotland, the third Scottish stream in point of magnitude, the first in commercial importance, and not the last in natural beauty. Popular opinion represents it as rising in the same hill whence flow the Tweed and the Annan, and indulges the fancy of the three rivers diverging away in nearly regular radii over the face of the lowlands. The Clyde, however-like most large streams whose first CLUNY, a canton, commune, and town of France, waters are gathered amidst the inequalities of a rollin the dep. of Saone-et-Loire, arrond. of Macon.-ing mountain-region-may be said to have numerous The cant. comprises 24 com. Pop. in 1841, 18,202. -The town is 11 m. NW of Macon, on the 1. bank of the Grône. Pop. 4,184. The town has some manufactories of coarse woollens, leather, and gloves, and a considerable trade in wood, grain, and cattle; but is chiefly celebrated for its ancient abbey, whose abbot was the recognised superior of the whole order of Cluniac monks. Its magnificent church was destroyed at the Revolution; and the monastic buildings are now occupied by a communal college, and other public establishments.

CLUSE (LA), a commune and village of France, in the dep. of Doubs, cant. and 14 m. SSE of Pontarlier. Pop. 951.

CLUSES, or CLUSE, a town of the Sardinian states, in the prov. of Faucigny, 10 m. ESE of Bon- | neville, near the r. bank of the Arve, at an alt. of 1,610 ft. above sea-level. Pop. 2,300.

CLUSONE, or CHISONE, a river of the Sardinian states, in the prov. of Pignerol. It rises in a spur of the Cottian alps, near Fenestrelles; flows through the Val-Pragelas, between huge craggy rocks; passes Pignerol; receives the Pelise; and joins the Po on the 1. bank above Poncalieri, after a course of 40 m. from NW to SE.

CLUSONE, a town of Venetian Lombardy, in the gov. of Milan, deleg. and 18 m. NE of Bergamo, near the 1. bank of the Serio. Pop. 5,500. It is the seat of a communal gymnasium; and has an active trade in grain and iron.

CLUSSAIS, a commune and town of France, in the dep. of Deux-Sevres, cant. of Sauzè. Pop. 1,359. CLÚTHA, MOLYNEUX, or MATOU, a river of the Middle island of New Zealand, which rises in three

sources. A range of mountains, consisting of the Lowthers [alt. 3,150 ft.], the Lead-hills, Queensberry hill [alt. 2,259 ft.], and the heights which connect the last with Hart-fell [2,790 ft.], bends elliptically round the S part of Lanarkshire, and divides it from Dumfries-shire. At short intervals, round all the S part of this range, arise rills and streamlets which flow onward to various meeting-points to form the C., and almost each of which might advance pretensions to be the parent-river. The original C., of popular opinion and poetic allusion, rises at an elevation of 1,400 ft. above sea-level, between 4 hills nearly 2 m. SE of Rodger-Law, and about 4 or 5 m. E of the v. of Elvanfoot. But this streamlet is both tiny in bulk, and of brief length, compared to the Daer or Dear, with which, after a W course of only 4 m., it mingles its waters, or to the Powtrail which, 1m. to the S, had previously flowed into the Daer. The mountain-district which pours forth these streams and their tributaries, is lofty, raising various of its summits nearly 3,000 ft. above the level of the sea, and lies between the parallels of 55° 18′ and 55° 28′ N. During the early part of its course, while sweeping round the E spurs of Tinto, the C. is slow and almost stagnant in its progress. From Roberton to its point of junction with Douglas water, the C. traverses a distance of at least 20 m., yet so circuitously that these two points are geographically asunder not more than 74 m. Douglas water comes down upon it from the S, nearly doubles its bulk, gives increased rapidity to its motion, and suddenly turns it from a S direction which it had for about 13 m. been assuming, away round to the NW; and this new direction the C., with partial and unimportant ex

tonshire on the left. At Erskine ferry, 9 m. below Glasgow, it passes, on its r. bank, the cheerful village of Kilpatrick, and here begins to be closed in for several miles on the N by the spurs of the Campsie mountains. Just where these heights close in, or 1 m. below Erskine ferry, it passes Bowling-bay, the entrance of the Forth and Clyde canal. A mile below Bowling-bay, it passes on the N the hamlet of Dunglass; and 2 m. farther on, it leaves its stone embankments, rolls past the base of Dumbarton castle, receives the waters of the Leven, and progressively bursts from the limits and throws off the character of a mere river or fresh-water stream. At 2 m. W of the long. of Greenock, the C. forks round the peninsula of Roseneath, sending up an elongated bay, the Gareloch, about 8 m. to the NW, and bending round its own channel, now narrowed to less than 2 m., in a direction due S. Just after having made this debouch, it looks backward to the rear of Roseneath, and sends away nearly due N the mountain-edged stripe of waters, Loch-Long; which, in its turn, sends off to the NW, a few miles from its embouchure, the stripe forming Loch-Goil. At 3 m. below Greenock, the C. opens on the left into the small bay of Gourock, fringed with the graceful swoop of buildings forming the village; and a little to the south, on the opposite shore, it opens, under the overhanging acclivity of the Kilmun hills, into the larger and somewhat romantic bay of Holy-loch, the quarantine station of its ports. It now, with the straggling, sequestered, and neatly edificed village of Dunoon overlooking it for 1 m. from the southern headland of Holy-loch, passes along under the steep heathy acclivity of the Cowal hills on the west, and

ceptions, maintains till, having expanded into an estuary, it debouches suddenly to the S, about 1 m. past Greenock. Over a distance of 7 m. after receiving the Douglas, it passes along the margin of the p. of Lanark, presenting, in its celebrated falls, and the scenery of its banks and basin, very pleasing and magnificent scenery. At the uppermost fall, called the Bonnington linn or fall, the river pours, in a divided stream, over a ledge of rocks 30 ft. in height. The channel of the river, for about half-amile below this fall, is formed of a range of perpendicular and equidistant rocks from 70 to 100 ft. high. At Corehouse, the river encounters another fall, 84 ft. in height, denominated Corra linn. About 4 m. farther down, the river encounters a third but smaller cascade, called Dundaf linn, where the banks assume a less bold character; and after a quiet and gentle run of 3 or 4 m. the river pours over a precipice 80 ft. in height, constituting the Stonebyres fall. During its progress over the falls, and the neighbouring rapids, the C. descends about 230 ft., its bed before it approaches the falls being about 400 ft. above the level of the sea. Hitherto basaltic rocks have appeared in the course of the river; but the geological features have now changed, and, with the falls, sandstone in horizontal strata begins to show itself. Leaving the parish of Lanark, the river widens its breadth of waters,-is looked down upon by a more sloping and a wider expanse of country,and ploughs its way through alternations of valley and of rolling bank, rich in the loveliness of agricultural cultivation and the shadings of orchard and forest scenery; and, continuing to present the mingled attractions of a cultivated basin, and the activities of busy enterprise, till it glides into the city of Glas-rich sylvan slopes with here and there a tufted ravine gow, where it puts on its aspect of prime importance on the east, till, 6 m. below Dunoon, it sends off, by becoming a navigable river, and bearing on its round Toward-point, that belt of waters called the bosom swarms of every description of craft. Com- Kyles of Bute, which sweeps round the island of pared with the bulk of its waters and the breadth of Bute, forming a causeway of waters between its genits stream, it is probably unsurpassed in the world tle beauties, and the rough, coarse, mountain-land of for the quantity and stir of its navigation; not only Argyleshire, and sending off at two points to the bearing along ships of heavy burden and deep draught northward elongated bays to cleave asunder the Arof water, and plentifully dotted with yawls and wher-gyleshire mountains. At the S point of the entrance ries, but kept in constant foaming agitation by large to the Kyles, the C. has expanded into a width of 5 steam-ships bearing heavy cargoes from the shores m.; and it maintains this width over a distance of 3 of England and Ireland, by numerous coasting steam-m., when it runs abreast of the Cumbrae islands, and vessels careering over its surface with live-freights of human beings, and by steam-tug-boats dragging behind them trains of sailing-craft too unwieldy to pilot their own way within its narrow channel. First in the practical working of steam-ship architecture and steam navigation, it still retains its eminence above every other river in the world. "The breadth of the C. at the new bridge, Glasgow, is 410 ft., and its mean depth 3 ft. The velocity of the water at the surface is 1.23 inch, and the mean velocity of the whole water is 0-558132 inch per second. From these data it may be inferred that the quantity of water discharged per second is 763 cubic ft. This amounts to 2,417,760,000 cubic ft., or 473,017,448 imperial gallons, or 1,877,053 tons. The river C. drains about one-thirtieth of Scotland, or about one eighty-third part of Great Britain. Hence, if the water discharged into the sea by the C. afforded a fair average of the whole island, the total amount of the water discharged annually by all the rivers in Great Britain would be only 155,795,399 tons, which does not amount to 100th part of the excess of the rain above the evaporation." [Thomson.] Leaving Glasgow, the C. sweeps past the v. of Govan, receives from the N the waters of the Kelvin, and about 1 m. lower down leaves Lanarkshire, through which it had hitherto flowed; and henceforth, till it rolls into the ocean, it divides Dumbartonshire and Argyleshire on the right, from Renfrewshire, Ayrshire, and Wig

separates into two channels,-the narrower about 1 m. in breadth, sweeping round between the Cumbraes and Ayrshire, and the broader, averaging nearly 3 m., flowing direct onward between the Cumbraes and Bute, and forming the marine highway from the west of Scotland to the Irish channel and the Atlantic. The broader or main channel of the C., after contracting between the Lesser Cumbrae and the S point of Bute into a strait less than 2 m. in breadth, suddenly expands into a frith, averaging about 32 m. in width, and at the distance of 45 or 48 m. becomes identified with the north or Irish channel, and turning W round the Mull of Cantire, is lost in the Atlantic. In the N part of the frith, 4 m. at the nearest point from Bute, rises the large mountainous island of Arran; and N from the most northerly point of this island, the frith sends off the picturesque and magnificent stripe of waters which bears the name of Loch-Fyne. All the frith, except the belt which goes round the northern half of Arran, is overlooked by Ailsa craig. The whole course of the C., from the source of the Daer to the S extremity of the island of Bute, may be 100 m. Its total fall is 1,400 ft.; and the extent of its basin 1,580 sq. m. [Petermann.] Spring-tides rise and fall in the C. about 7 ft. at Glasgow, and neaps 4 ft. Ninety years ago, barges drawing 3 ft. water could alone be employed in the trade of Glasgow; and till within a comparatively recent period, Port Glasgow and