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government intrusted to 200 citizens, called Bacchiades. Heeren chants. To this oligarchy followed a monarchical form of govern

thinks that the Bacchiades were, at least several of them, mer

ment, which was succeeded by a constitution approaching nearer to oligarchy than to democracy. In the sequel, C. became the head of the Achæan league, and was conquered and destroyed by the consul Mummius, B. c. 146. Julius Caesar, 24 years later, rebuilt it; but its commerce could not be restored: the proditions of the East now took the road to Rome. St. Paul lived here a year and a half. The Venetians received the place from a Grek emperor: Mohammed II. took it from them in 1458; the Vene

government.

CORINTH, a township of Penobscot co., in tnc state of Maine, U. S., 85 m. NNE of Augusta, drainby Kenduskeag stream, an affluent of the Penobscot, and generally fertile. Pop. in 1840, 1,970 -. Also a township of Saratoga co., in the state of New York, 52 m. NW of Albany, bordering on the Lon Hudson river. Its surface is undulating, and its soil sandy loam. Pop. 1,365. The village, called also Jesup's Landing, is situated on the Hudson, and consists of about 20 dwellings.-Also a township of Orange co., in the state of Vermont, 34 m. SE of Montpelier, drained by branches of Wait's river, which

fertile. Pop. 1,318.-Also a village of Heard co., in the state of Georgia, 120 m. W of Milledgeville, consisting of about 30 dwellings.

effect of the air, which in summer is almost pestilential. A thick dew falls during the night; and, early in the morning, every thing is as wet as if it had been drenched with rain." "The Acrocorinthus, or acropolis of C.," Dodwell continues, "is one of the finest objects in Greece, and if properly garrisoned, would be a place of great strength and importance. It abounds with excellent water, is in most parts precipitous, and there is only one spot from which it can be annoyed tians retook it in 1687, and fortified the Acrocorinthus agah.: but with artillery: this is a pointed rock, at a few hun- the Turks took it anew in 1715, and retained it until the late redred yards to the SW of it, from which it was bat-volution of the Greeks, during which it was the seat of the Greek tered by Mohammed II. Before the introduction of artillery, it was deemed almost impregnable, and had never been taken except by treachery or surprise. It shoots up majestically from the plain to a considered able height, and forms a conspicuous object at a great distance: it is clearly seen from Athens, from which it is no less than 44 m. in a direct line. Strabo affirms that it is 3 stadia in perpendicular height, but that the ascent to the top is 30 stadia by the road, the circuitous inflections of which render this no extravagant computation. The Acrocorinthus is at present regarded as the strongest fortification in Greece, next to that of Nauplia in Argolis. Athenæus commends the water of the fountain Peirene in the Acrocorin-afford good water-power. The soil is loamy and very thus as the most salubrious in Greece. It was at this fount that Pegasus was drinking when taken by Bellerophon. After gushing from the rock, it branches into several small rills, which find their way imper- CORIO, a town of Piedmont, cap. of a mandaceptibly to the lower city." Both Clarke and Dod-mento, in the prov. and 21 m. NNW of Turin, on a well speak in glowing language of the view obtained hill. Pop. 5,298. from the summit of this ridge. The former, describing the prospect seen from the outer gate, says: "As from the Parthenon at Athens we had seen the citadel of C., so now we had a commanding view across the Saronic gulf, of Salamis and the Athenian acropolis." Lord Nugent says he saw the Hymettian range very distinctly; but he thinks Athens is masked from Corinth behind Corydallus. "Looking down upon the isthmus," continues Clarke, "the shadow of the Acrocorinthus, of a conical shape, extended exactly half across its length, the point of the cone being central between the two seas. Towards the N we saw Parnassus covered with snow, and Helicon and Citharon. Nearer to the eye appeared the mountain Geranion, between Megara and C." The bearing of the leading objects in the surrounding horizon beheld from the summit of the acropolis are: Athens S 85° E; S point of Salamis S 78° E; E peak of Geranion N 70° E; W peak, N 45° E; Helicon, N 40° E; Parnassus N 4° E; Cyllene N 72° W; Hymettus S 83° E. Strabo has characterised the prominent features of this view, which comprehended six of the most celebrated states of ancient Greece: viz. Achaia, Locris, Phocis, Bootia, Attica, and Argolis. The scenery of the isthmus is superb: the sea frequently entering from both sides into its deep recesses, and assuming the appearance of lakes on whose azure surface the pine-clad mountains are beautifully reflected. On the side of the Peloponnesus, the view is bounded by a range of hills extending from Ken kries to near the foot of the Acrocorinthus, where there is a pass. On the opposite side, the high ridge of Geranion extends from shore to shore.

The department of C. has an area of 948 sq. m., with a pop., in 1836, of 25,960; in 1838, 28,717. It is divided into 32 dimes or cantons.

History.] C. derived, in ancient times, great advantages from its situation on the isthmus, between two bays, belonging to what may be called two different seas, if we consider the state of navigation in ancient times; and a great exchange of Asiatic and Italian goods took place here. The duty paid on these goods afforded a large revenue to the state; and the citizens accumulated such wealth, that C. became one of the most magnificent, but at the same time most voluptuous cities of Greece. The famous

Sisyphus was the founder of C. His family was succeeded by the
Heraclides, who were dethroned after several centuries, and the

CORIO HARBOUR, a harbour of S Australia, at the head of a deep inlet midway on the W shore of Port Phillip, at the N end of the township of Geelong. CORISCO BAY, an indentation of the coast of South Guinea, 15 m. from the islands at the mouth of the Munda, extending 32 m. N and S, between Cape Esterias and Cape St. John. It is studded with numerous islands, including one of the same name, in N lat. 0° 55', and E long. 9° 38'. This island, although of considerable extent, rises but little above the level of the sea. The islands, and the shores of the bay, are all thickly clothed with verdure. COŘITIVA. See CURITIBA.

CORK, a maritime county of the prov. of Munster, in Ireland. It is bounded on the N by Limerick; on the NE by Tipperary; on the E by Waterford; on the SE, S, and SW by the Atlantic; and on the W by Kerry. The county has a sinuous and very irregular outline; but may, in a general view, be regarded as presenting a side of 29 m. to Limerick, one of 22 m. to Tipperary and Waterford, one of 83 m. to the Atlantic, and one of 53 m. to the Kenmare estuary and to Kerry. It is the largest county in Ireland, and is surpassed in extent by no English county except that of York. Its greatest length, in a straight line WSW from Youghal-harbour to the mouth of the Kenmare, is 80 Irish m.; and its greatest breadth, in the opposite direction, from the point of the Old-Head of Kinsale, is 444 Irish m. Its area, by the latest and best authority, is 1,846,333 acres,-of which 1,308,882 are arable land; 465,889 uncultivated land; 52,180 continuous woodlands; 6,515 towns; and 12,867 wa

ter.

The length of coast-line is usually estimated at 200 m.; but if minutely followed around all the curvatures and sinuosities of the numerous estuaries, bays, and creeks, it would be found far to exceed that extent. Some of the bays, as those of Cork, Ross, and Dunmanus, but especially those of Bantry and Kenmare, are large; and several are much ramified and subdivided by peninsula and islands.

Surface and Soil.] The whole of the W border of the county is mountainous; and but for a broad and pronged projection on the S, cleft by the bay of Bantry, it might be described as a band of mountain only

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SE to NW cuts through the mining districts of Cornwall, crosses the channel, and then intersects the SW portion of Ireland; and, with the exception of tin, similar mines of copper and lead are found in Kerry and in Cork, but much richer than those of Cornwall. The Cosheen copper-mine in Cork yields 43 per cent. of metal, while that of Cobre in the island of Cuba yields only 224 per cent. The veins which fill many of the fissures of the clay-slate rock abound in iron, copper, lead, and manganese ores. The various limestone of the county differs even more in economical adaptation than in geognostic structure, and furnishes both manuring material to the agriculturist, and a marble which vies with some of the Italian to the statuary and the ornamental architect. Marl, fuller's earth, potter's clay, and brick clay, occur in considerable abundance.-The soil of the coal-formation disis cold, retentive, and moorish; that of the limestone districts is warm and friable; and that of the greater part of the schistose-formation districts is dry, sandy, and what has technically been termed hungry, requiring rich and constant manuring.

from 3 to 5 m. broad. From the S division of this
border, the surface of the country rolls gradually off
to hill and knoll and plain; from the central division
it goes mountainously away in one upland range of
considerable breadth and extent, and in another, which
is prolonged to the very boundary with Waterford,
and may be figuratively regarded as the backbone of
the county; and from the N division it proceeds east-
ward in a long and doubtful struggle between upland
and lowland character; and rises eventually up at
the extreme E in small sections of the Galtees and
Knockmeledown or Kilworth mountains. The chief
valleys S of the great range, and W of Cork harbour,
are those of the Lee, the Bandon, and the Annabuoy;
they extend nearly parallel to it and to one another.
The valleys S of the bisecting mountain-range, and
E of the city of Cork, are all mere vales or dells.
The valleys N of the Blackwater, with some unim-trict
portant exceptions on the frontier toward Limerick,
all extend in a S direction, and open into the valley
of the Blackwater; the principal of them are those of
Allua, Awbeg, Funcheon, and Arraglin.-The prin-
cipal mountain-summits of the county as to alt., are
Hungry-hill, 2,249 ft.; Sheehy mountain, 1,796;
Owen mountain, 1,760; Cahirbarna, 2,234; Tor,
1,329; Knockinskea, 1,388; Mount-Gabriel, 1,335;
Carrickfadda, 1,028; and Knockmadden, 1,029
The only lakes which claim notice are the small but
uniquely scenic lake of Gougane-Barra, at the source
of the Lee; and the lakes of Inchigeelagh or Allua,
in the bed of that stream, immediately above Inchi-
geelagh. The Blackwater is by far the most volu-
minous river of the county. It rises and has a course
of 3 or 4 m. within Kerry; runs for some distance S
being the boundary between the counties; then de-
flects at a right angle, and runs due E across the
whole of co. Cork; and finally passes into Waterford,
but afterwards deflects again, and runs S so as to
touch at its exit to the sea the extreme SE point of
Cork. The chief of the numerous streams which
drain the district SW of the summit-level across the
head of the valleys of the Lee, the Bandon, and the
Annabuoy, are the Cooleagh and the Moyatt to the
head of Bantry bay, the Four-mile-Water to the head
of Dunmanus bay, the Roaring-Water to the head of
Roaring-Water bay, and the Ilen to the head of Bal-
timore bay. The Lee runs parallel to the Black-
water at the mean distance of between 14 and 15
in. to the S, and begins slowly to expand into estuary
immediately below the city of Cork. The Bandon
runs parallel to the Lee at the mean distance of about
9 m. The Annabuoy or Arrigadeen, runs at the me-
dium distance of about 5 m. from the Bandon, and,
for the most part, at nearly the same medium dis-
tance from the coast. The only navigable stream,
apart from the bays or estuaries into which streams
disembogue themselves, are the Blackwater to Cap-
poquin within Waterford, the Lee to the city of Cork,
and the Bandon to Innishannon.

Agriculture.] Agricultural practice presents almost every variety, from the most antiquated and barbarous to the most improved and scientific methods of culture. Nearly all the W districts, and a considerable ft.-proportion of the centre ones, are either not at all or very slightly touched by the improvement spirit of the last fifty years; but the E lowland districts, and the vicinities of numerous towns and demesnes, and, in particular, the lower valleys of the Lee and the Blackwater, and the low country between Cork-harbour and the E boundary, exhibit a comparatively high aggregate of improvement. A large proportion of proprietors are resident; there is-what over most of Ireland is a sad want-an intelligent middle-class; and the greater part of the low countries E of Mallow and Bandon-even in spite of the occasional predominance of the hut-like home, and the miserable dress of the peasantry-present very much of an English character. In 1841, the total of farms measuring from 1 acre to 5 acres, was 13,683; from 5 to 15 acres. 15,790; from 15 to 30 acres, 10,362; and upwards of 30 acres, 5,691. In 1847 the total number of holdings of from 1 to 5 acres was returned at only 4,805; of from 5 to 15 acres, 10,557; of from 15 to 30 acres, 11,433; of above 30 acres, 18,568.-The extent of land under corn and beans, in 1847, was 288,265 acres; under potatoes and green crops, 91,744 acres. The produce of wheat amounted to 378,479 quarters: of oats, 598,129 q.; of barley, 200,884 q.; bere, 10,156 q.; rye, 2,535 q.; beans, 918 q. In 1841 the total o live stock, with their respective estimated value, was 60,108 horses and mules, £480,864; 2,579 asses, £2,579; 150,588 cattle, £978,822; 252,895 sheep, £278,184; 177,517 pigs, £221,897; and 919,144 poultry, £22,978. Grand total of value, £1,985,324. But these statistics refer only to the strictly rural districts of the county. In 1841, the total of live stock in the city of C. was valued at £8,419. In the same year the total of live stock within the other civic districts of the county amounted to £32,578.-In 1841, the continuous plantations within the co. consisted of 52,180 acres; and the total of wood was 66,564 acres. Trade.] The first cost value of the unbleached

A section of the Munster coal-field, to the extent of about 400 statute sq. m., occupies the extreme NW of the county. A narrow belt of mountain or carboniferous limestone, belonging to the vast central limestone-field of Ireland, goes up the whole of the Blackwater to Mill-street. The old conglomerate, and the red, purple, green, and clay slate formations, the lat-linens brought to market in co. Cork, in 1822, was ter varying in induration from the hardest grit to the £49,183, and, in 1825, was £87,380. But both the most frangible rubble, occupy by far the larger part linen manufacture and the woollen manufactureof the area between the limestone belt of the Black- the latter of which was also at a recent date considwater, and the coast to Youghal, nearly due north. erable-have declined. About 340,000 firkins of butClay slate, greywacke, and greywacke slate forma-ter, in value about £650,000, are annually brought to tions constitute, with small exceptions, the whole of the country lying S of the greater field of the preceding formations. Indications of metalliferous deposits are abundant on the W coast. A line drawn from

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market; but a proportion of this quantity is the produce of the adjoining parts of the counties of Limerick and Kerry. The estimated value of exports, in 1835, from the ports of Baltimore, Bantry, Berehaven,

Cork, Kinsale, Ross, and Youghal, was £3,118,421; and the estimated value of the imports in that year was £2,891,406 8s.-In 1849, according to returns made by the officers of the coast-guard, the craft and men employed in the fisheries of the co., were 352 first class boats, manned by 1,795 men and 135 boys; and 3,285 second class boats, manned by 14,071 men and 926 boys-total of fishermen, 16,927. The lines of greatest thoroughfare are those from the city of C. toward respectively Waterford, Dublin, and Limerick; and these, in spite of crossing the second and third traversing mountains, and encountering great inequalities of ground, are excellent roads.-The Great Southern and Western railway, extending from Dublin, by Kildare, Carlow, Portarlington, Thurles, and Mallow, to Cork, 164 m. in length, is now in operation, with a branch to Limerick and Tipperary. A railway has also been executed from Cork to Bandon, and Cork to Passage harbour.

Divisions and Towns.] The county of Cork is now divided into the E. Riding, the W. Riding, and the city. -The towns of the co. are Cork, Bantry, WatergrassHill, Queenstown, Rathcormack, Bandon, Cloghnakilty, Dunmanway, Rosscarberry, Skibbereen, Castletownsend, Mitchellstown, Fermoy, Kilworth, Kanturk, Newmarket, Castletownroche, Doneraile, Glantworth, Mallow, Timoleague, Cloyne, Castlemartyr, Middleton, Youghal, Passage, Kinsale, Millstreet, Macroom, Buttevant, and Charleville.-The co. contains the whole of the dioceses of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, and 5 parishes within Duhallow barony of the diocese of Ardfert and Aghadoe.

comprehended also a considerable tract of what now forins the cos. of Kerry, Limerick, and Waterford. This territory formed, for some time before the arrival of Earl Strongbow, a separate kingdom, under the sway of the MacCarthys. Maurice Fitzthomas, created Earl of Desmond in 1329, laid the foundation of a power which, as to extent of territory, and especially as to amount of control over it, greatly exceeded that of the quondam MacCarthy princes of the kingdom of Cork. The eighth Earl of Desmond, in consequence of previous enlargement of the Fitzgerald estates, was proprietor of most of the territory which had belonged to the MacCarthys; and the 15th and last Earl possessed an estate which extended 150 m. throughout Waterford, Cork, Kerry, and Limerick, and was estimated to contain upwards of 574,000 acres of profitable land. In the war under Elizabeth, the Fitzgeralds allied themselves to the foreign Roman Catholic powers who projected the conquest of Ireland, and they occasioned the coast of Cork to be the adopted theatre of the descent of the invaders; and though Gerald himself, the 15th and last Earl of Des mond, affected some show for a season of fighting for the Queen, war replete with disaster to the country. The vast forfeited estates he speedily unfurled the standard of rebellion, and commenced a of this nobleman were divided into seignories, and granted to distinguished Englishmen in guerdon of their services. In 1602, Sir Richard Boyle, afterwards Earl of Cork, purchased at a small

price the whole of Sir Walter Raleigh's estate of upwards of 20,000 acres in C. and Waterford; about the same time, he purchased also a large part of Mr. Fane Beccher's seignory of 12,000

acres; and he colonized the whole of these lands with English Cloghnakilty, Baltimore, and Youghal. The war of the Revolution involved the county in a series of skirmishing, and irregular but sanguinary conflicts; and led to the forfeiture of the Earl of Clancarty, Viscount Kenmare, Sir Richard Nagle, Colonel Barret, and various persons of less extensive property. The extent of land affected by these forfeitures was 244,320 acres.

settlers, and founded or rebuilt on them the towns of Bandon,

CORK, a sea-port, a parliamentary borough, the capital of Munster, and the second town of Ireland, on the river Lee, 53 m. WNW of Passage, 15 m. NE by N of Bandon, 51 m. S by E of Limerick, and 126 m. SW by S of Dublin. The site of the central part of the present city, and of the whole of the ancient town, is the eastern half of a low and flat oblong tract of ground, measuring 24 m. in length, and 3 furlongs in extreme breadth. This tract continued, till a comparatively recent date, to maintain in part the character which originally belonged to the whole of its area,-that of a swamp or marsh. The name Cork, therefore, is usually supposed to be a corruption of the Irish Corcagh, a morass.' The principal streets and quarters of the city and suburbs are well-paved and lighted; but the lanes and narrow back streets are generally neglected. "C.," says Mr. Inglis, "I call a fine city, surpassed by few in the excellence and width of its streets, or in the magnificence of its outlets; and deficient only in the architectural beauty of its public buildings. Although there is not in C. so great a contrast between splendour and misery as in Dublin, more of this contrast is visible than English cities of the same size exhibit. The best quarters of C. are fully upon a par with the best quarters of Liverpool or Manchester; but the worst parts of C. are worse and more extended than in those towns. The best streets in C. are the mercantile streets; and in these the shops are little, if at all, inferior to those of Dublin. Few streets in C. have the appearance of being inhabited by the upper classes. One cause of this is, that so large a number of the merchants live out of town. The passion for

Statistics.] The pop. in 1792, as estimated by Dr. Beaufort, was 343,000; and, as ascertained by census under act of parliament, was, in 1813, 523,936,-in 1821, 629,786,-in 1831, 703,716. The following statistics are all those of 1841, and exclusive of the city of Cork. Pop. 773,398; males, 385,062; females, 388,336; families, 133,295. Inhabited houses, 121,510; uninhabited complete houses, 3,688; houses in the course of erection, 162; first class houses, 3,001; second class houses, 20,309; third class houses, 37,304; fourth class houses, 60,896. Families residing in first class houses, 3,767; in second class houses, 25,318; in third class houses, 40,295; in fourth class houses, 63,915. Families employed chiefly in agriculture, 97,723; in manufactures and trade, 22,397; in other pursuits, 13,175. Families dependent chiefly on property and professions, 3,078; on the directing of labour, 38,865; on their own manual labour, 87,205; on means not specified, 4,147.-The parliamentary representation of C., previous to the Legislative union, consisted of 2 members from the co., 2 from the city, and 2 from each of the following boroughs,-Kinsale, Youghal, Bandon, Mallow, Doneraile, Rathcormack, Middleton, Charleville, Castle-Martyr, Baltimore, and Cloghnakilty. The present representation consists of 2 members from the county, 2 from the city, 1 from Youghal, 1 from Bandon, 1 from Kinsale, and 1 from Mallow. The county constituency, in 1841-exclusive of that of the city and of Youghal and Bandon-country-houses is universal; and the extreme beauty amounted to 3,706. The annual rent value, as made by order of the grand jury, in 1829-30, was £1,135,923 16s. 2d.; in 1846, £1,412,602. In 1824, according to Protestant returns, the total of schools in the co. was 1,288, and of scholars attending these schools, 69,118; of whom 9,834 were Protestants, and 58,174 Roman Catholics. At the close of 1842, the National board had in active operation within the co. 208 schools, attended by 18,103 male and 14,445 female scholars. History. The earliest known inhabitants of the territory which now constitutes the co. of C., were the Coriondi, the Udia, the Vellubori, and the Uterini. The ancient territory of C.--or that which, at the period of the Anglo-Norman invasion, included the

of the environs is a great encourager of this passion. C. is a picturesque city, in its architecture, in its form, and in its situation. With scarcely an exception, the streets are irregular, every house having a style, height, and size of its own; in its outline, the city is picturesque, for, although the principal part is tolerably compact, it branches out at various points, following the course of the river and its tributaries; and it is eminently picturesque in situation, built as it is upon a most irregular surface, and dominated by the wooded heights that form the magnificent boundaries of the river and its sea-reaches." The extreme present territory of C., and was defined by well-established limits length of the town, from N to S, is almost exactly 2

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