there are extensive beds of clay and large stone quarries. It is near the natural-gas fields of West Virginia. The chief manufacturing establishments are potteries, brick and tile works. The shipments are chiefly pottery, sewer pipe, terra-cotta and fire-brick. Pop. 4,271. TORONTO, University of, situated at Toronto, Canada, the head of the educational system of the province of Ontario. The first step toward the establishment of the university was taken in 1797 when the council and assembly of Upper Canada petitioned the king for an appropriation of Crown lands for the purposes of education, and the establishing of a university. The appropriation was made, but nothing further was done toward the founding of the university until 1827, when it was chartered under the name of the University of King's College; the organization of the university was further delayed, largely owing to objections to the sectarian character of its charter, which was amended in 1837; and it was not till 1843 that it was opened to students. In 1849 the name was changed to the University of Toronto; in 1853 the university was further transformed by the organization of two corporations, known as the University of Toronto and the University College; to the latter was assigned the teaching in arts and the entire control of its students. In 1887 a further organization of the whole university took place. Under what is known as the "Federation Act" the university became a teaching body once more, with faculties of arts, medicine, applied science and engineering, to which have been added since, faculties of education, forestry, household science and music. In the faculty of arts the subjects were divided as between the University of Toronto and University College, which may be termed the State Arts College, the complement of the faculty of arts of the university. In this reorganization of the faculty of arts there are now Victoria College, representing the Methodist Church of Canada; Trinity College, representing the Church of England; Saint Michael's College, representing the Roman Catholic Church-so that there are four arts colleges giving instruction in the same arts subjects, but sending their students to the university for instruction in other subjects, among which are mathematics, sciences, philosophy, political science, history. The institutions which have close relations with the university are either federated or affiliated. Among the federated institutions, outside the arts colleges, are Knox College and Wycliffe College, while among the affiliate l colleges are the Ontario Agricultural College, the Royal College of Dental Surgeons, the Ontario College of Pharmacy and the Ontario Veterinary College. These federated and affiliated colleges are represented on the senate of the university, which has charge of the educational policy. Each faculty has its own council and has charge of the discipline and control of its students, while the caput is made up of the chief executive officers of the university, together with the heads of the federated colleges. The university receives a very substantial grant annually from the government of the province of Ontario and is affiliated with the leading universities of Great Britain and Ire land, as well as with the General Medical Council of Great Britain. The degrees offered by the university include arts, medicine, applied science and engineering, pedagogy, forestry and music, under the regular faculties, while through the affiliated institutions degrees are given in law, dentistry, agriculture, pharmacy, with diplomas in public health and physical training. Extension and summer session work are carried on in the faculty of arts. The university is coeducational and had during the session 1922-23 an attendance of approximately 4,855 students and a faculty of 567 members; its property was valued at $8,740,002; its income (1921) $1,914,545. The important buildings are the main building, convocation hall, the library, household science, the various laboratories and within Toronto the buildings of Victoria College, Trinity College and Saint Michael's College. Provision is made for the undergraduate activities of the men in Hart House, the gift of the Massey Estate. There are residences for men students of the university and for both men and women in University College, Victoria, Trinity and Saint Michael's colleges. TORPEDO, a genus of rays of the family Torpedinida, most remarkable for their electric organs, which lie on each side of the head. (See ELECTRIC FISHES). The electric shock is powerful enough to kill small animals, and specimens two or three feet long can by a single discharge disable a full-grown man. The family, which includes about seven genera and 15 species, is widely distributed over the Atlantic and Indian oceans; T. marmorata and two others are common in the Mediterranean, and T. hebetans reaches the south coasts of Britain. The American form most often seen is T. occidentalis, which may reach a weight of 200 pounds; it is uncommon, but occasionally seen along the coast from Cape Cod to Cuba. TORPEDO, Automobile. BILE TORPEDO.. See AUTOMO TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYERS. See ANTI-TORPEDO BOATS. TORPEDO BOATS. The torpedo boat first made its appearance as an adjunct to the fleet in 1886. At that time its displacement was less than 100 tons, and its speed about 20 knots an hour. From that time on it gradually increased in size and speed until in 1896 its displacement was about 125 tons and its speed about 23 knots an hour. The next evolution was the destroyer. This new type of vessel became necessary, for the dangerous character of the torpedo boat was fully recognized, armed as it was with an inaccurate weapon. During the revolution in Chile in the early nineties a battleship was destroyed by a torpedo fired at night from a large torpedo boat, and during the Japanese-Chinese War in the middle nineties torpedo boats were freely used by the Japanese. As the years went by the range and accuracy of the torpedo rapidly improved and the torpedo boat increased its size to make it more habitable and seaworthy. Its tonnage soon rose to 400 tons and then merged into the destroyer. As the size of the torpedo boat still increased, destroyer tonnage was compelled to keep pace, the final or present destroyer dis placement of about 1,100 tons (with a speed of about 32 knots per hour) having been reached and determined by most nations from a consideration of the strategical and tactical duty of the fleet with which it serves. The offensive weapon of the destroyer was originally the gun, but after the torpedo boat disappeared the torpedo became the important weapon and the guns were retained for defense only. The pivotal characteristics of the destrover were high speed, seaworthiness, moderate radius of action and plurality of torpedo tubes and torpedoes. To enhance these characteristics increased size was necessary and this lessened the chance of being able to surprise an enemy on the alert, and surprise was a corollary in its usefulness. These considerations tended to limit the size and when sufficient tonnage for necessary offensive work was gained, no further increase was thought justified. The present tendency is to increase the destroyer's gunpower for offensive purposes against the submarine and this brings the destroyer back to the original conception of the use of that type. Further development will undoubtedly be toward high speed, moderate size, long-range torpedoes, a plurality of small guns and large radius of action. The destroyer, supported by large cruisers, makes an excellent offensive force, especially when armed with long-range torpedoes. Making contact in the daytime with an enemy's fleet, destroyers can, at night, readily slip through the screen and attack the enemy while in its night formation. A well co-ordinated destroyer force becomes a most important asset to a fleet when about to go into battle. A well-timed feint upon the battle line of the enemy may give to its own battle line a verv important advantage of position. By the intelligent use of a smoke screen, made by emitting large volumes of oil smoke from destroyers' smoke stacks, a battle line in confusion can be rescued from destruction and permitted to reform or to escape. In the battle of Jutland the German fleet was concealed in a smoke screen formed by German destroyers at the time when the main British fleet was about to bring a superior force against it. When the smoke cleared it was observed that the German fleet had extricated itself from danger. to While the first duty of the destroyers was run down attacking torpedo boats and sink them with the fire of their small rapidfire guns, it was also armed with torpedo tubes in order that it might be used as an attacking torpedo vessel and to defend the battleships at night. The smaller type of torpedo vessel - the torpedo boat was classed as a weapon of defense, employed to guard the home coast from raids by the enemy's warships, while the larger was regarded as an offensive weapon, used to destroy the smaller type and allow capital ships to perform, without danger, their duties of blockade and various war measures. See SUBMARINES. EDWARD S. FARROW, Consulting Military and Civil Engineer. TORPEDO DRAG, a device for clearing harbors, river-channels, etc., from floating torpedoes and submarine mines. It consists of a long cable, bearing grappling hooks set at frequent intervals. The ends of the cables are YOL. 26-45 made fast in boats, one on either side of the channel, and as the vessels proceed up and down the channel, abreast, the hooks on the rope between them catch the torpedoes. Sometimes a drag is thrown ahead of a vessel by a small mortar and is drawn in by a windlass; this is to clear the channel through which the vessel must pass. TORPEDOES. Torpedoes or explosives moving through the water to the object attacked, as distinguished from the mine or stationary explosive, first took the form of what was in reality a towed mine. The Harvey, Menzing and the various French towing torpedoes were weapons of this kind. The torpedo was towed astern of a launch with a rig that permitted a rudder on the torpedo being controlled from the towing boat. The torpedo could be guided to a position on the quarter, while a second torpedo was towed astern. By means of a dipping or detaching apparatus, when the whiskers of the torpedo touched the target, the torpedo would become completely submerged before the explosion took place. Torpedo warfare received great impetus during the Civil War, various types being developed by both the Confederates and the Federals. Dragging for torpedoes and the use of torpedo nets dropped over the sides of vessels were then first practised, but there appears to have been no use of submarine boats until more recently. During this war the spar or outrigger torpedo came into active use and on more than one occasion during that period and later proved its worth. This weapon consisted of a torpedo carried at the end of a spar or pole which projected from a launch. It was so arranged that just before the target was struck, the torpedo could be plunged below the surface to obtain the holding or plugging effect of the water for the explosion. The explosive usually consisted of about 33 pounds of guncotton which could be fired upon contact, or at will, by employing a firing battery. To carry and drive home the spar torpedo a fast seaworthy launch or small torpedo-boat was employed. In its early stages of development, battle ranges seemed logically to keep the torpedo in the background, except at night, when the speedy torpedo-boat counted upon getting near enough to launch its weapons with a more reasonable promise of making a hit. The naval constructor, accepting the torpedo at its potential value as seen by the majority of the fighting officers simply limited his efforts to fabricating the under-body of his fighting craft so that the damaging effects of a chance blow from a torpedo should be confined to a restricted area. Hence the inner and the outer bottoms, and the water-tight, cellular divisioning of the intervening space. As a matter of fact, the naval constructor's work stood up under torpedo attack and performed its function remarkably well. It is a matter of record, that the general run of torpedoes fired during the Russo-Japanese War did far less damage than was expected of them, and a goodly number of vessels so struck were not sunk as was counted upon, but were able to get into port and be repaired. There were ships lost to both belligerents by subaqueous attack, but the most conspicuous of these disasters were due to the violent blows of passive mines. Where the active torpedo had failed in its mission the anchored floating mine filled the offensive gap. These mines carried larger explosive charges than the torpedoes then in service, and proved two things: First, that the naval constructor had planned well; and, second, that the automobile torpedo must needs be made a more powerful weapon if it were to fill the office intended for it. In the Russian fleet at Port Arthur were several vessels that had been built by the French for the Russian government. In addition to the usual compartmenting of the inter-bottom space, the French designers had reinforced the region most likely to be attacked by torpedoes by means of a caisson built of plating nearly two inches thick. The object of this caisson-assuming that the explosion of the torpedo should be sufficient to rend or rupture the plating of the inner and outer botwas to provide more space in which the guncotton gases could expand and dissipate the most dangerous percentage of their remaining force. The ingenious theory of this style of construction was proved to be all that its originators claimed for it. The Russian ships so built were several times hit by Japanese mines, and while grievously wounded over wide areas of their under-bodies, yet the caissons remained substantially intact and the vessels were able to return to harbor. toms The automobile torpedo first came into use in the early seventies. It was the outcome of a series of experiments commenced in 1864 by Robert Whitehead, then superintendent of iron works at Fiume, Austria. This torpedo, known as the Whitehead or fish torpedo, claimed the following capabilities: (1) It could be adjusted to run at any depth from 5 to 15 feet when fired from either a submerged or surface tube, or from a surface detaching apparatus; (2) upon firing, it would make a straight run, provided a proper allowance was made for the deflection due to transverse currents; (3) it could be adjusted to stop at any distance up to its extreme range and after stopping to sink or float; (4) it could make a run of 1,000 yards at a speed of 15 or 16 knots, while 300 yards could be covered at a speed of 19 to 20 knots; (5) it could carry a warhead holding a charge of 33 pounds of guncotton, to explode upon contact. This torpedo was propelled by a three-cylinder Brotherhood engine weighing 35 pounds, driving two propellers and developing 40 horse power. Eventually the Whitehead torpedo came to be used in the United States service, and later the Bliss-Leavitt torpedo was adopted. As heavier armor was added against torpedo attack a large gap developed which the Whitehead torpedo and its various kindred rivals could not fill, and here it was that the genius of an American naval officer, Commander Cleland Davis, placed the torpedo upon a new and more formidable footing. He abandoned the guncotton warhead, which was the accepted instrument of destruction since the inception of the Whitehead, and substituted a gun in its stead. If one will study carefully the photographs of either bursting submerged mines or exploding automobile torpedoes, the most impressive visual sign of the violence exerted will be found in the great volumes of water blown upward. The water has yielded more than the steel structure attacked, and the major part of the energy designed to wreck has spent itself uselessly in blowing hundreds of tons of water into the air. Commander Davis sought so to concentrate the powers of assault in his torpedo that but little of its force should be dissipated in disturbing the surrounding water while the bulk of the energy of his weapon should remain unimpaired and centred in piercing the enemy's defenses and penetrating to the very vitals of the object of attack. He did not discount in the slightest the truly remarkable developments which had taken place in the other departments of the automobile torpedo. Increased range, higher speed and more precise functioning all helped him toward his objective; but it is his invention which made this underwater projectile a graver menace to the largest of fighting craft. This torpedo carries an eight-inch gun capable of expelling an eight-inch projectile with a muzzle velocity of 1,000 feet per second, which is quite enough to carry the projectile through a single plate of Krupp armor, something like four or five inches thick, where virtually in contact with the muzzle of the gun -as would be the case with this torpedo. Ships are not protected under water with plating of these dimensions, and it would be a much easier task for the projectile to pass successively through a number of thinner plates even if their combined thickness were more than the limit set. The projectile fired from this torpedo carries a bursting charge of high explosive of between 35 and 40 pounds. This charge is detonated by a delayed action fuse, which is designed to meet the maximum requirements imposed by the best protected dreadnaughts built. When this weapon is launched upon its sinister errand the little propeller at the upper side of the torpedo's nose revolves and releases the tripping rod, so that the torpedo can be discharged upon contact with its target. When the rod hits the obstruction it is driven backward and engages the trigger which first compresses a spring attached to the firing pin and then releases it so that the pin can strike the gun primer, thus setting off the propelling charge of powder which drives the shell out of the gun. As soon as the projectile hits the outside plating of a ship's bottom the fuse in the base of the shell begins to function, being set to explode the charge in the shell so many hundredths of a second after impact. The modern submarine torpedo varies in size according to the service for which it is intended and ranges from 14 inches in diameter and 15 feet in length to 21 inches in diameter and 21 feet in length, weighing from 1,000 to 2,600 pounds, the smaller type being used to sink unprotected freight and passenger ships at short range. It is capable of a speed of more than 30 miles per hour and when traveling at normal speed possesses the great momentum of about 65,000 foot second pounds. Generally speaking, the torpedo consists of the following parts: (1) The warhead, which contains the high explosive charge, fired by an exploder upon striking the target, the charge ranging from 200 to 500 pounds, depending upon the type of torpedo; (2) The air flask, a specially constructed shell of steel, very strongly built to withstand a test pressure of 5,000 pounds to the square inch. This flask carries air at an initial pressure of 2,250 pounds per square inch, the air being used to operate all the mechanism of the torpedo in addition to the motive power; (3) The depth control mechanism, which permits the torpedo to be run at any desired depth under water, and which consists principally of a pendulum and a hydrostatic piston actuating horizontal rudders; (4) The gyroscopic steering gear. The gyrostatic compass through the vertical rudders maintains the torpedo on a course parallel to that in which the torpedo began its run; (5) The engines. The air at the high pressure of 2,250 pounds per square inch first passes through a reducing valve which decreases its pressure to that required for use by the engine. This air is then heated by an alcohol flame, which also acts to produce steam of the water in the combustion flask, the air and steam mixing and passing to the engine. The engines are generally reciprocating, but in the Bliss-Leavitt and some other torpedoes are turbines driving two propellers. Torpedoes are projected by means of special forms of tubes or guns. The tube is usually built into the hull of the submarine, in which case it is aimed by manoeuvring the boat. In the case of destroyers and battleships, the torpedo may be projected from submerged tubes or from deck tubes. In general, torpedoes are projected from submerged tubes by compressed air and from deck tubes by a small charge of gunpowder. Submerged tubes on battleships, however, may be designed to use either powder or compressed air. When the torpedo is fired from a submerged tube the compressed air or the gas from the powder follows the torpedo out of the tube with a rush and causes an eruption on the surface of the sea, which is visible for a considerable distance. As a result of the warning given by this eruption, vessels have sometimes been able to escape the torpedoes by a quick manœuvre. The modern torpedo is self-propelled, being driven through the water by its own compressed air motor, the air being supplied from a strongly-built reservoir within the body of the torpedo itself. Torpedoes directly operated by internal combustion engines as motive power are not trustworthy. The range of a torpedo is approximately a mile, those designed for use on battleships and destroyers being longer ranged than those for use on submarines. The great difficulty in getting proper direction and sufficient motive power to give the required speed for a long duration of time renders the long range torpedo impracticable. The latest German torpedo had a range of about 2,000 yards, as the compressed air storage reservoir was reduced in size in order to increase the charge of high explosive in the warhead. The charge was from 300 to 400 pounds. The depth at which a torpedo travels may be regulated to hit the most vital part of the vessel, and that is usually about 10 feet below the surface. In case of torpedo attack against an armored ship the torpedo, to be dangerous, should strike beneath the armor belt, which usually extends about 10 feet below the water line. Torpedoes are usually provided with means to cut, more or less effectively, through nets placed in their paths. The detonation of the torpedo is accomplished through a mechanism placed within its warhead; and if the torpedo is checked in its forward motion the firing mechanism instantly ignites the heavy charge of explosive contained within the warhead. It is not necessary to strike a firing pin on the end of a torpedo to detonate the charge. Many suggestions have been submitted for a torpedo to be electrically propelled from a ship by means of a flexible cable connecting it with the ship. This was the first type of torpedo built, but was discarded for the present dirigible type, as the weight of cable, difficulties in insulation, etc., render it of little practical value. The effectiveness of the Hammond radio-controlled torpedo is promising. The Board of Ordnance and Fortifications recommended favorably to the Secretary of War as to the merits of this invention, and the Secretary recommended to Congress that this new type of weapon be installed in a few of the more important coast defenses. When firing a torpedo at a moving target there are several important factors which the torpedoist must consider. These are the speed of the target, the course of the target and the speed of the torpedo itself, all of which factors must be known within limits in order to make effective hits. The various nations have their preference for torpedoes. The British use the Whitehead; the Germans, Schwartzkopf; the French, Whitehead and Schneider; the Japanese and Italians, the Whitehead. In the United States the Whitehead and Bliss-Leavitt torpedoes are in general use. See NAVAL MINES; SUBMARINE MINES; SUBMARINES. Bibliography.-Fitzgerald, C. C. P., 'Submarine Warfare (London 1919); Talbot, F. A. A., Submarines, their Mechanism and Operation' (London 1915); Donville-Fife, Charles W., 'Submarine Mines' (London 1914); Naval Annual, British and Foreign Torpedo Boat Flotillas' (London 1912); Fulton, Robert, "Torpedo, War and Submarine Explosions' (reprint, New York 1914); Currey, E. H., The Menace of the Torpedo (New York 1914); Bradford, R. B., History of Torpedo Warfare' (Newport, R. I., 1882). EDWARD S. FARROW, Consulting Military and Civil Engineer. TORQUAY, tôr-ke', England, a fashionable watering place in Devonshire, situated on the south coast, 26 miles northeast of Plymouth, named from the Tor Abbey nearby, which was founded in 1196. It is built on a series of terraces rising from the beach, and is a much frequented bathing and winter resort. It consists largely of villas and gardens, and has a fine promenade, public parks, libraries, a museum, electric light and an excellent water supply and drainage system. There are manufactures of terra-cotta ware, and trade in coal and marble. The name also applies to the borough and the Parliamentary division in which it lies. Pop. of the borough about 39,000. TORQUE, an ornament of twisted gold or other metal, worn as a collar or a necklace by the ancient peoples of Asia and northern Europe. It consisted of a circle of stiff gold, twisted except at the ends, which remained straight or which in some cases were looped back, so as to overlap. Such collars were considered a characteristic ornament of the ancient Gauls and are said to have been so abundant that about 223 B.C., Flaminius Nepos erected to Jupiter a golden trophy made from torques of conquered Gauls. The Torquati, a family of Manlian gens, attribute their name to their ancestor T. Manlius, who having slain a giant Gaul in single combat lifted from the neck of the dead body an enormous gold torque, which he ever afterward wore upon his own. TORQUEMADA, Juan de, hoo-än' dā tor-ka-mä'thä (Latinized form TURRECREMATA), Spanish theologian and cardinal: b. Valladolid, 1388; d. Rome, 26 Sept. 1468. He entered the Dominican order in 1403, and was graduated at the University of Paris in 1424. After serving as prior at Valladolid and Toledo, he was appointed by Eugenius IV master of the sacred palace in 1431. In 1439 he became a cardinalpriest, later exchanged his title for the cardinalbishopric of Albano, and still later (1464) for that of Sabina. He gave liberally of labor and money to charities and church-building, and won fame as a theological writer and controversialist. He was an influential member of the councils of Constance, Basel and Florence, at the last-named of which drew up the proposals for union between the Greek and Latin churches. Among his works may be mentioned 'Meditationes (1467); Quæstiones Spiritualis Convivii Delicias præferentes super Evangeliis (1477); and Commentarii in Decretum Gratiani' (1519). Consult Lederer, 'Der spanische Cardinal Johannes von Torquemada' (1879). TORQUEMADA, Tomás de, Spanish monk, first Grand Inquisitor of Spain: b. Valladolid, 1420; d. Avila, 16 Sept. 1498. He entered the Dominican order, was for 22 years prior of the monastery at Segovia, and in October 1483 was made by Sixtus IV inquisitor-general for Castile and Leon. The Inquisition (q.v.) had been established in 1480 at Seville, but Torquemada was the first to give it its organization. He founded four tribunals at Seville, Cordova, Jaen and Villa Real. During his 18 years of office he burned 10,220 persons and condemned 6,860 to be burned in effigy. By these methods the Inquisition acquired vast sums of money. Torquemada was justly hated, and never went about without a body guard. His later activities were directed against the Jews and about 1,000,000 of them fled the country to escape his persecution. He was one of the most bloodthirsty fanatics of history. Consult standard works on the history of Spain and of the Inquisition; also Molènes, 'Document Inéditis. Torquemada et l'Inquisition) (1897). TORRE DEL GRECO, tor'rě děl gra'kō, Italy, on the Bay of Naples, seven miles southeast of Naples at the foot of Vesuvius. The town has been demolished by earthquake at various epochs, and in 1857 and 1906 a similar disaster greatly changed and damaged the locality. It is much frequented by foreigners as well as Italians on account of its seabathing. There are important coral and other fisheries, besides shipyards, manufactories of rope, coral goods and lava ware. Pop. of commune about 36,000. TORRENCE, Frederic Ridgely, American poet: b. Xenia, Ohio, 27 Nov. 1875. He was educated at Miami, Ohio and Princeton universities, was librarian in the Astor Library 1897-1901, and since 1901 at the Lenox Library, New York. He has published (The House of a Hundred Lights' (1900); 'El Dorado: a Tragedy (1903); Abelard and Heloise' (poetic drama, 1907). TORRENS, William Erskine, American promoter: b. New York, 15 July 1870; d. 20 June 1914. After making a study in the mills of New England and Philadelphia of manufacturing methods and finance, he became in 1896 foreign commissioner for the National Association of Manufacturers of the United States, and was thus engaged until 1899. During this time he secured concessions from Brazil, Venezuela, Argentina, Cape Colony, China and Japan for establishing sample warehouses for the exhibition of American manufactured goods. He has written Commercial Traveling in South America' (1897); Commercial Traveling in South Africa' (1898); Commercial Traveling in the East' (1899). TORRENS, Lake, South Australia, a large shallow salt lake, the central one of a group in the central southern section, 125 miles long and 25 miles wide, about 50 miles north of Spencer's Gulf. In the dry season it is reduced to a salt marsh. Be TORRENS SYSTEM, a system of titleregistration devised by Sir Robert Torrens, and first successfully used in Australia. Its object is to make the transfer of landed property as simple and as safe as that of any other property and to do away with the necessity of repeated title examinations. The system is operated through a bureau of registration, in charge of a registrar, and becomes effective on the first transfer of any property after the establishment of the system, all land transactions being registered in this office. A title may be registered as absolute or as possessory. fore registry the title is fully investigated by the registrar, who receives from the owner all the documentary evidences of title, descriptions of boundaries, etc. When the registrar is satisfied that the title is perfect, he files away all these old papers and issues to the holder a certificate of ownership, a duplicate of which is filed in the registrar's office. Such certificates bear on their faces notice of all encumbrances on the property. If the estate is vested in fee simple the title is known as "absolute" and the certificate is stated to be an absolute certificate. Should it appear that an absolute title to any land can be held only for a limited period or subject to reversions, then the registrar will except from the effect of registration any estate, right or interest arising before the specified date or under the conditions named, all of which will be entered in the register and noted on the certificate, which is stated to be a "qualified" certificate. In the case of a "possessory" title the applicant is registered as becoming owner on giving such evidence of title as may be prescribed, and the registration of any person as first owner with a possessory title only will not interfere with the enforcement of any estate, right or interest adverse to the title that may then exist or which may arise a later date. And this fact is noted on the "possessory» certificate issued to the owner. This examination and registration of title does not have to be repeated after a certificate has once been issued, the transfer |
