MR. MURRAY'S LIST. LIFE AND WORKS OF CHARLES DARWIN. With Portrait. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. HARLES DARWIN: His Life Told in an Aut biographical Chapter, and in Selections from his Letters, by his Son, FRANCIS DARWIN, F R.S., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. RIOUS CONTRIVANCES BY WHICH ORCHIDS EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND INSECTIVOROUS PLAN IS. Illustrations. 95. CROSS AND SELF-FERTILIZATION IN THE VEGE- SCENT OF MAN. Illustrations. Large Type Edition. UNIVERSITY EXTENSION MANUALS. HE EARTH'S HISTORY: An Introduction to Modern Geology. By Dr. R. D. ROBERTS, HE REALM OF NATURE: A Manual of Physiography. By HUGH ROBT. MILL, D.Sc., With 19 Coloured Maps and 68 Illustrations. 55. XPLOSIVES AND THEIR POWER. Translated and Condensed from the French of M. IRKES' HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY. By W. MORRANT BAKER, F.R.C.S., and KNOWLEDGE OFFICE: 326 HIGH HOLBORN. THE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL. can the North Polar Region be Crossed? By Dr. FRIDTJOF NANSEN. piration and Character of the Principal New Zealand Glaciers. By A. Putral aty-making in Africa. By Captain F. D. LUGARD. Favum and Lake Moeris. Great Columbian Atlas in Geographical Journal. With Just Published. 8vo. With 224 Illustrations. CHEMICAL LECTURE EXPERIMENTS (NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS). BY G. S. NEWTH, F.I.C., Chemical Lecture Demonstrator in the Royal College of Lancet: "This book will be especially valuable to the student of chemistry, whilst to the lecture a sistant it is simply a sine qua non. The exp riments are all ad nirably described and of the kind which are calculated not only to excite the student's interest but to clearly point out to him the lessons which they are intended to convey.' " Sir H. E. RosCOE, in Nature: "The very description of a good lecture experiment to one who had for thirty years always enjoyed performing an old one, and was overjoyed in bring.ng out a new one, is something akin to that of the old war-horse when he scents the battle from afar. And both Mr. Newth's experiments and his descriptions are good; so I think that not only the novices of the profession but the old hands will read this book-the first with profit with a view to what they will do, and the sec nd with pleasure in rec llecting what they have done. . . . All the ordinary and many of the extraordinary experiments detailed in the book may be carried out with little cost and without great trouble; indeed, m st of them may be made by the veriest tyro provided he stick to the letter of the description... Of good experimen's there is no end' (Mr. Newth describes 625 for the non-metals alone) whilst of a review of a book in NATURE there must be a speedy end, and I will end by advising all those who like to see and to show good experiments to get Mr. Newth's book. London: LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. Just Published. THE GREAT SEA SERPENT. AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL TREATISE. WITH THE REPORTS OF 187 APPEARANCES, &C, AND THE AUTHOR'S By A. C. OUDEMANS. LUZAC & CO., 46 Great Russell Street, W.C. WHITTAKER'S By OLIVER J. LODGE. LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S, M.I.E.F. Lyon Jones Professor of Experimental Phys.cs in the University College, Liverpool. LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS AND LIGHTNING GUARDS A Treatise on the Protection of Buildings, of l'elegraph Instruments and Submarine Cables, and of Electric Installations generally, frm Damage by Atmospheric Discharges. In one vol., cron 8vo, with numerous illustra ions, 550 pp., 158. A comprehensive and most instructive treatise, which is the work of one of our best auth_rities on modern theories of electricity and their practical application."-Times. Fcap. 4to. Cloth, 7s. 6d. WHITTAKER'S LIBRARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, BY A FOREMAN PATTERN-MAKER. THE PRINCIPLES OF PATTERN-MAKING. For Apprentices and Students in Technical Schools With 101 Istrations. 35. 6d. "The book is well and tersely written."-Glasgow Herald. BY F. C. ALI SOP. PRACTICAL ELECTRIC LIGHT FITTING. A Treatise on the Wiring and Fitting up of Buildings deriving Current from Central Station Mains, and the Lying Dowa of Private Installations, including the latest edition of the Phoenix Fire Office Rules. With 224 Illustrations. Price 5s. WORKS BY G. E. BONNEY. INDUCTION COILS. A Practical Manual for Amateur Coil-Makers. "In Mr. Bonney's useful book every part of the coil is described minutely in detail, and the methods and materials required in insulating and winding the wire are fully considered."-Electrical Review. BOOKS. BY W. PERREN MAYCOCK, MIEE AN ELEMENTARY MANUAL OF ELECTRIC LI ING AND POWER DISTRIBUTION, for Students prepar the Ordinary Grade Examination of the City and Guils ef Institute and general readers. Part I. With 125 Illu-trat 8vo. Paper overs. Price 28 6d. [Part II. in the BY J TRAILI. TAYLOR. Editor of The British Journalel Phe THE OPTICS OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND PET With 68 ilustrations. Squat LE GRAPHIC LENSES. 8v.. 6d. 35. "Written so plainly and clearly, that we do not think the will have any difficulty in mastering its c nten's "-Amateur Phagu BY CARL HERING. ELECTRIC RAILWAYS, RECENT PROGRESS About 400 Pages, and 120 Illustrations Price 55. BY D. DENNING. ART & CRAFT OF CABINET MAKING. 219 WHITTAKER'S LIBRARY OF POPULA PICTORIAL ASTRONOMY. By G. F. CHAMBERS F One of the most interesting treatises we have had in our hust. " "We have here a popular and interesting résumé of many ofte lating to the nature and properties fligh"-Nature GEOLOGY By A. I. JUKES-BROWNE, FG.S. (In The PLANT WORLD; its Past, Present, and By G. MASSEE, of Kew Gardens With 56 Llustrations p "Its easy style, intelligible language. good arrangemen illustrat ons give it a high rank am ng books of this kind."-Sen MINERALOGY. The Characters of Minerals, their Om and Description. By Dr. F. H. HATCH. With 5 ha, Crown 8vo, 38. 6d "We cordially recommend this little bok of Dr. Hatch's an best that students could purchase."-Science Gossip. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. By S. BOT LONDON: WHITTAKER & CO., PATERNOSTER SQUARE. Now Ready, Profusely Illustrated, Price 75. 6d. PEDDIE'S UNIVERSITY MANUAL OF PHYSICS. London: Baillière, Tindall, & Cox, King W lliam Street, Strand. Instrument Company, Cambridge. Address all communications "Instrument Company, Price List of Scientific Instruments, sent post free. SCIENCE INSTRUMENTS. An Illustrated, Priced, and Descriptive Catalogue of the Instru- 16.-J. Musgrove, M.D. Origin of Ophthalmic Artery Meningeal. 17.-D Hepburn, MD. Complete Separation of Two Ec Flexor Cruris Muscle 18.-W. Wilber orce Smith, M.D. Delimitation of Regions an 19.-Notices of New Books, 20.-Proceedings of Anatomical Society of Great Britain and London: CHARLES GRIFFIN & CO.. EXETER STREET, STRAND. BOOKS AND PAPERS BY THE Prof. Sir RICHARD OWEN, FRS. Lists on Application. DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Square, Londo THURSDAY, JANUARY 5, 1893. SCIENTIFIC WORTHIES. XXVIII. SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE. ƆME MONTHS ago the British Association for the Advancement of Science was holding its annual ting at Edinburgh under the presidency of Sir ArchiGeikie, F.R.S., Director-General of the Geological rey of the United Kingdom. may well be said that a more appropriate choice d hardly have been made by the Council of the hed Association. Not only is Sir Archibald a ough Scot, born and educated in Scotland, where lfilled for many years the most important duties as ember of the geological staff, and later as a professor he University of Edinburgh, but, having long been ged in the supervision of the Scottish Survey, he ped with his own hand many hundreds of square s of country, and through the entire scenery of Scotthere is not a single point with the peculiarities of h he did not make himself thoroughly familiar. His vledge of the ground is not at all restricted to geoal relations. In Sir Archibald the qualities of the ogist are combined with those of the enthusiastic r of landscape, and his able pencil excels in drawing inal sketches in which the outlines, peculiar shades, one might say, the general spirit of the scenery are 1 with the most striking accuracy. Obviously, therehe was the right man to be placed at the head of the nburgh meeting, which many prominent foreign inigators attended in the hope of afterwards travelling, as tourists and as men of science, through the most resting fields of the Highlands. Nobody could have 1 better fitted to introduce them to the country. When ing Sir Archibald in the chair at Edinburgh, the sh Association not only did due justice to one of the distinguished sons of "modern Athens," it also the best course to secure from foreign guests the st recognition of the various merits of Scotland. r Archibald Geikie was born at Edinburgh in 1838. learn from a notice in the Mining Journal that he educated at the Royal High School and at the Edinh University. When he was only twenty years old ecame an assistant on the Geological Survey for and, and proved so able that in 1867, when the ush branch of the Survey was made a separate esshment, Sir Roderick Murchison deemed he could o better than confer the directorial powers on the assistant whom he had appreciated at work. Four later, the chair of Geology and Mineralogy at the ersity having been founded by Sir Roderick with a urrent endowment by the Crown, Archibald Geikie nvested with the new professorship, which he resigned at the beginning of 1881, when he was appointed to eed Sir Andrew C. Ramsay as Director-General of Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, and ctor of the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn et. at the new Director had not disappointed the hopes ad excite, appeared with sufficient clearness when, some time ago, the Queen conferred on him the honour of knighthood. Now it is our duty to note the chief features of his activity, and to state what personal part Sir Archibald Geikie has played in the recent progress of science. It is scarcely necessary to say that his geological achievements are too important to be conveniently reviewed in a few lines. Nevertheless we shall try to give a general idea of the prominent results to which his name must be attached. Early appointed, as he was, as an officer of Scotland's Survey, he had, from the beginning, to deal with the most puzzling problems involved in the stratigraphy of the Highlands. The case was a very difficult one, and gave rise to much controversy between Sir Roderick Murchison and many other geologists, among whom it will be sufficient to quote the respected name of Nicol. As in the Highlands gneisses and ordinary crystalline schists were seen resting, with apparent conformity, on Silurian strata, it had been admitted by Murchison that the sequence was a normal one. Therefore the crystalline schists had to be regarded, in spite of their Archæan appearance, as metamorphosed Silurian deposits. Such an assumption had a considerable bearing on other geological problems, as it rendered highly probable the theory that the so-called primitive gneisses were altered sediments, and had nothing to do with the early crust of the molten globe. That Sir Archibald should at first have taken his Director's side is not at all surprising. But he was never quite satisfied; and his love of truth led him, as soon as he was in a position to do so, to undertake a detailed review of the facts. Since the discovery of Silurian fossils in the rocks of N.W. Sutherland, it had been recognized that the key to the structure of the Scottish Highlands was to be searched for in that region. Accordingly, in the years 1883 and 1884, MM. Peach and Horne were entrusted with a careful study of the Durness and Eriboll districts. They were very far from being directed to obtain means of justifying the old survey. "It was a special injunction to the officers" (we quote Geikie's own words) "to divest themselves of any prepossession in favour of published views, and to map the actual facts in entire disregard of theory." From the work ably carried on by the distinguished surveyors, and verified on the spot by the DirectorGeneral, it appeared clearly that Murchison had been deceived by prodigious terrestrial disturbances, of which, at the time, nobody could have formed an idea. Over immense reversed faults, termed thrust planes by Geikie and his officers, the older rocks on the upthrow side had been, as it were, pushed horizontally forward, covering much younger sediments; and the displacement attained the almost incredible distance of more than ten miles. Sometimes an outlier of the displaced ground was found capping a hill, while the remainder had been swept away by erosion, and the strangeness of the case led the observer to write, "One almost refuses to believe that the little outlier at the summit does not lie normally on the rocks below it, but on a nearly horizontal fault." Disturbances of that kind had already been noticed in some coal-basins, as, for example, on the southern limit of the French and Belgian coal-field, where similar outliers had been termed by M. Gosselet "lambeaux de |