Life of George Washington

CHAP. XIII. Founding of Fort Cumberland-Secret Let
ter of Stobo-The Indian Messenger-Project of Din-
widdie His Perplexities-A Taint of Republicanism in
the Colonial Assemblies-Dinwiddie's Military Meas-
ures-Washington quits the Service-Overtures of Gov-
ernor Sharpe, of Maryland-Washington's dignified Re-
ply-Questions of Rank between Royal and Provincial
Troops-Treatment of the French Prisoners-Fate of La
Force-Anecdotes of Stobo and Van Braam,

CHAP. XIV. Return to quiet Life-French and English

prepare for Hostilities-Plan of a Campaign-General

Braddock-His Character-Sir John St. Clair Quarter-

master-general-His Tour of Inspection Projected

Roads-Arrival of Braddock-Military Consultations

and Plans-Commodore Keppel and his Seamen-Ships

and Troops at Alexandria-Excitement of Washington

-Invited to join the Staff of Braddock-A Mother's

Objections-Washington at Alexandria-Grand Council

of Governors-Military Arrangements-Colonel William

Johnson-Sir John St. Clair at Fort Cumberland-His

Explosions of Wrath-Their Effects-Indians to be en-

listed-Captain Jack and his Band of Bush-beaters, 52

CHAP. XV. Washington proclaimed Aide-de-camp--Dis-

appointments at Fredericktown-Berjamin Franklin and

Braddock Contracts Departure for Wills Creek-

Rough Roads-The General in his Chariot-Camp at

Fort Cumberland-Hugh Mercer-Dr. Craik-Military

Tactics Camp Rules-Secretary Peters-Indians in

Camp-Indian Beauties-The Princess Bright Light-

ning-Errand to Williamsburg--Braddock's Opinion of

Contractors and Indians-Arrival of Conveyances, 57

CHAP. XVI. March from Fort Cumberland-The Great
Savage Mountain-Camp at the Little Meadows-Divi-

sion of the Forces-Captain Jack and his Band-Scaroo-

yadi in Danger-Illness of Washington-His Halt at the

Youghiogeny-March of Braddock-The Great Mead-

ows-Lurking Enemies--Their Tracks-Precautions-

Thicketty Run-Scouts-Indian Murders-Funeral of

an Indian Warrior-Camp on the Monongahela-Wash-

ington's Arrival there-March for Fort Duquesne-The

Fording of the Monongahela-The Battle-The Retreat

-Death of Braddock,

CHAP. XVII. Arrival at Fort Cumberland-Letters of

Washington to his Family-Panic of Dunbar--Triumph

of the French,

CHAP. XVIII. Costs of Campaigning-Measures for Pub-

lic Safety-Washington in Command-Head-quarters at

Winchester-Lord Fairfax and his Troop of Horse-In-

dian Ravages- Panic at Winchester Cause of the

Alarm-Operations elsewhere-Shirley against Niagara

-Johnson against Crown Point-Affair at Lake George

-Death of Dieskau, .

CHAP. XIX. Reform in the Militia Laws-Discipline of

the Troops-Dagworthy and the Question of Precedence

-Washington's Journey to Boston-Style of Travelling

-Conference with Shirley-The Earl of Loudoun-Mili-

tary Rule for the Colonies-Washington at New York-

Miss Mary Philipse,

CONTENTS.

CHAP. XX. Troubles in the Shenandoah Valley-Green-

way Court and Lord Fairfax in Danger-Alarms at

Winchester-Washington appealed to for Protection-

Attacked by the Virginia Press-Honored by the Public

-Projects for Defence-Suggestions of Washington-

The Gentlemen Associators-Retreat of the Savages-

Expedition against Kittanning--Captain Hugh Mercer-

His Struggle through the Wilderness,

CHAP. XXI. Founding of Fort Loudoun-Washington's

Tour of Inspection-Inefficiency of the Militia System

-Gentlemen So'd.ers-Cross-purposes with Dinwiddie

--Military Affairs in the North-Delays of Lord Lou-

doun-Activity of Montcalm-Loudoun in Winter Quar-

ters,

CHAP. XXII. Washington vindicates his conduct to Lord

Loudoun-His reception by his Lordship-Military Plans

-Lord Loudoun at Halifax-Montcalm on Lake George

-His Triumphs-Lord Loudoun's Failures-Washing-

ton at Winchester-Continued Misunderstandings with

Dinwiddie-Return to Mount Vernon,

CHAP. XXIII. Washington recovers his Health-Again

in Command at Fort Loudoun-Administration of Pitt

-Loudoun succeeded by General Abercrombie-Mili-

tary Arrangements-Washington Commander-in-chief

of the Virginia Forces-Amherst against Louisburg-

General Wolfe-Montgomery-Capture of Louisburg-

Abercrombie on Lake George-Death of Lord Howe-

Repulse of Abercrombie-Success of Bradstreet at Os-

wego,

CHAP. XXIV. Slow Operations-Washington orders out

the Militia-Mission to Williamsburg-Halt at Mr.

Chamberlayne's-Mrs. Martha Custis-A brief Court-

ship-An Engagement-Return to Winchester-The

Rifle Dress-Indian Scouts-Washington elected to the

House of Burgesses-Tidings of Amherst's Success--

The new Road to Fort Duquesne-March for the Fort-

Indiscreet Conduct of Major Grant-Disastrous Conse-

quences-Washington advances against Fort Duquesne

-End of the Expedition-Washington returns Home--

His Marriage,

CHAP. XXV. Plan of Operations for 1759-Investment

of Fort Niagara-Death of Prideaux-Success of Sir

William Johnson-Amherst at Ticonderoga-Wolfe at

Quebec-His Triumph and Death-Fate of Montcalm-

Capitulation of Quebec-Attempt of De Levi to retake

it-Arrival of a British Fleet-Last Stand of the French

at Montreal-Surrender of Canada,

102

CHAP. XXVI. Washington's Installation in the House
of Burgesses-His Rural Life-Mount Vernon and its
Vicinity-Aristocratical days of Virginia-Washington's
Management of his Estate- Domestic Habits-Fox-
hunt ng-Lord Fairfax-Fishing and Duck-shooting-
The Poacher-Lynch Law-Aquatic State-Life at An-
napolis-Washington in the Dismal Swamp,

CHAP. XXVII. Treaty of Peace-Pontiac's War-Course

of Public Events-Board of Trade against Paper Cur.

rency-Restrictive Policy of England-Navigation Laws

-Discontents in New England-Of the other Colonies-

Projects to raise Revenue by Taxation-Blow at the In-

dependence of the Judiciary-Naval Commanders em-

ployed as Custom-house Officers-Retaliation of the

Colonists-Taxation resisted in Boston-Passing of the

Stamp Act-Burst of Opposition in Virginia-Speech of

Patrick Henry,

108

CHAP. XXVIII. Washington's Ideas concerning the

Stamp Act-Opposition to it in the Colonies-Porten-

tous Ceremonies at Boston and New York-Non-impor-

tation Agreement among the Merchants-Washington

and George Mason-Dismissal of Grenville from the

British Cabinet-Franklin before the House of Com-

mons-Repeal of the Stamp Act-Joy of Washington-

Fresh Causes of Colonial Dissensions-Circular of the
General Court of Massachusetts-Embarkation of
Troops for Boston-Measures of the Bostonians, 111

CHAP. XXIX. Cheerful Life at Mount Vernon-Wash-

ington and George Mason-Correspondence concerning

the Non-importation Agreement-Feeling toward Eng-

land-Opening of the Legislative Session-Semi-regal

State of Lord Botetourt-High-toned Proceedings of the

House-Sympathy with New England-Dissolved by

Lord Botetourt-Washington and the Articles of As80-

ciation,

114

CHAP. XXX. Hood at Boston-The General Court refuses

to do Business under Military Sway-Resists the Billet-

ing Act-Effect of the Non-importation Association-

Lord North Premier-Duties revoked except on Tea-

The Boston Massacre-Disuse of Tea-Conciliatory Con-

duct of Lord Botetourt-His Death,

117

CHAP. XXXI. Expedition of Washington to the Ohio, in

behalf of Soldiers' Claims-Uneasy State of the Frontier

-Visit to Fort Pitt-George Croghan-His Mishaps dur-

ing Pontiac's War-Washington descends the Ohio-

Scenes and Adventures along the River-Indian Hunting

Camp-Interview with an old Sachem at the mouth of

the Kenawha-Return-Claims of Stobo and Van Braam

119

-Letter to Colonel George Muse,

CHAP. XXXII. Lord Dunmore Governor of Virginia-

Piques the Pride of the Virginians-Opposition of the

Assembly-Corresponding Committees-Death of Miss

Custis-Washington's Guardianship of John Parke Cus-

tis-His Opinions as to Premature Travel and Premature

Marriage,

122

CHAP. XXXIII. Lord North's Bill favoring the Exporta-

tion of Teas-Ships freighted with Tea to the Colo ies-

Sent back from some of the Ports-Tea destroyed at,

Boston-Passage of the Boston Port Bill-Session of the

House of Burgesses-Splendid Opening-Burst of In-

dignation at the Port Bill-House Dissolved-Resolu-

tions at the Raleigh Tavern-Project of a Ge eral Con-

gress-Washington and Lord Dunmore-The Port Bl

goes into Effect-General Gage at Boston-League ad

Covenant,

124

CHAP. XXXIV. Washington Chairman of a Political

Meeting Correspondence with Bryan Fairfax-Patri

otic Resolutions-Washington's Opinions on Public Af

fairs-Non-importation Scheme-Convention at Wil-

liamsburg-Washington appointed a Delegate to the

General Congress-Letter from Bryan Fairfax-Perplex-

ities of General Gage at Boston,

127

CHAP. XXXV. Meeting of the First Congress--Opening

Ceremonies-Eloquence of Patrick Henry and Henry

Lee-Declaratory Resolution-Bill of Rights-State Pa-

pers-Chatham's Opinions of Congress-Washington's

Correspondence with Capt. Mackenzie-Views with re-

spect to Independence-Departure of Fairfax for Eng-

land,

180

CHAP. XXXVI. Gage's Military Measures-Removal of

Gunpowder from the Arsenal Public Ag tation

Alarms in the Country-Civil Government obstructed-

Belligerent Symptoms-Israel Putnam and General

Charles Lee, their Characters and Stories-General Elec-

tion Self-constituted Congress-Hancock President-

Adjourns to Concord-Remonstrance to Gage-His Per-

plexities-Generals Artemas Ward and Seth Pomeroy-

Committee of Safety-Committee of Supplies-Restless-

ness throughout the Land-Independent Companies in

Virginia-Military Tone at Mount Vernon-Washing-

ton's Military Guests-Major Horatio Gates-Anecdotes

concerning him-General Charles Lee-His Peculiarities

and Dogs-Washington at the Richmond Convention-

War Speech of Patrick Henry-Washington's Military

Intentions,

134

CHAP. XXXVII. Infatuation in British Councils-Col.

Grant, the Braggart-Coercive Measures-Expedition

against the Military Magazine at Concord-Battle of Lex-

ington-The Cry of Blood through the Land-Old Sol-

diers of the French War-John Stark-Israel Putnam-

Rising of the Yeomanry-Measures of Lord Dunmore

in Virginia-Indignation of the Virginians-Hugh Mer-

cer and the Friends of Liberty-Arrival of the News of

Lexington at Mount Vernon-Effect on Bryan Fairfax,

Gates, and Washington,

139

CHAP. XXXVIII. Meeting of Troops in the East-Camp

at Boston-General Artemas Ward-Scheme to surprise

Ticonderoga-New Hampshire Grants-Ethan Allen and

the Green Mountain Boys-Benedict Arnold-Affair of

Ticonderoga and Crown Point- A Dash at St. Johns, 143

CHAP. XXXIX. Second Session of Congress-John Han-
cock-Petition to the King-Federal Union-Military

CONTENTS.

Measures-Debates about the Army-Question as to

Commander-in-chief-Appointment of Washington-

Other Appointments-Letters of Washington to his

146

Wife and Brother-Preparations for Departure,

CHAP. XL. More Troops arrive at Boston-Generals

Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton-Proclamation of Gage-

Nature of the American Army-Scornful Conduct of

the British Officers-Project of the Americans to seize

upon Breed's Hill-Putnam's Opinion of it-Sanctioned

by Prescott-Nocturnal March of the Detachment-For-

tifying of Bunker's Hill-Break of Day, and Astonish-

ment of the Enemy,

CHAP. XLI. Battle of Bunker's Hill, .

CHAP. XLII. Departure from Philadelphia-Anecdotes

of General Schuyler-of Lee-Tidings of Bunker's Hill

-Military Councils-Population of New York-The

Johnson Family-Governor Tryon-Arrival at New

York-Military Instructions to Schuyler-Arrival at the

157

Camp,

149

153

VOL. II.

CHAPTER I. Washington takes Command of the Armies

-Sketch of General Lee--Characters of the British

Commanders, Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne--Survey

of the Camps from Prospect Hill-The Camps con-

trasted-Description of the Revolutionary Army-Rhode

Island Troops-Character of General Greene-Wash-

ington represents the Deficiencies of the Army-His

Apology for the Massachusetts Troops-Governor Trum-

bull-Cragie House, Washington's Head-Quarters, 163

CHAP. II. Questions of Military Rank-Popularity of

Putnam-Arrangements at Head-Quarters--Colonel Mif-

flin and John Trumbull, Aides-de-Camp-Joseph Reed,

Washington's Secretary and Confidential Friend-Gates

as Adjutant-General--Hazardous Situation of the Army--

Strengthening of the Defences-Efficiency of Putnam-

Rapid Changes-New Distribution of the Forces-Rigid

Discipline-Lee and his Cane-His Idea as to Strong

Battalions-Arrival of Rifle Companies-Daniel Morgan

and his Sharp Shooters-Wasi ington declines to detach

Troops to distant points for their Protection-His Rea-

SOLS for so doing,

167

CHAP. III. Washington's Object in distressing Boston-

Scarcity and Sick ess in the Town-A Startling Discov-

ery-Scarcity of Powder in the Camp-Its Perilous

Situat on-Economy of Ammunition-Correspondence

between Lee and Burgoyne-Correspondence between

Washington and Gage-The Dignity of the Patriot Army

asserted,

170

CHAP. IV. Dangers in the Interior-Machinations of the
Johnson Family-Rivalry of Ethan Allen and Benedict
Arnold-Government Perplexities about the Ticonde
roga Capture-Measures to secure the Prize--Allen and
Arnold ambitions of further Laurels-Projects for the
Invasion of Canada-Ethan Allen and Seth Warner
honored by Congress--Arnold displaced by a Committee
of Inquiry-His Indignation-News from Canada-The
Revolution to be extended into that Province-Enlist-
ment of Green Mountain Boys-Schuyler at Ticonderoga
-State of Affairs there-Election for Officers of the

Green Mountain Boys-Ethan Allen dismounted-Joins

the Army as a Volunteer-Preparations for the Invasion

of Canada-General Montgomery-Indian_Chiefs at

Cambridge-Council Fre-Plan for an Expedition

against Quebec-Departure of Troops from Ticonde-

ruga-Arrival at Isle aux Noix,

174

CHAP. V. A Challenge declined-A Blow meditated-A

cautious Council of War-Preparations for the Quebec

Expedition-Benedict Arnold the Leader-Advice and

Instructions-Departure-General Schuyler on the Sorel

-Reconnoitres St. Johns-Camp at Isle aux Noix-Ill-

ness of Schuyler-Returns to Ticonderoga-Expedition

of Montgomery against St. Johns-Letter of Ethan Al-

len-His Dash against Montreal-Its Catastrophe-A

Hero in Irons-Correspondence of Washington with

180

Schuyler and Arnold-His Anxiety about them, .

CHAP. VI. British in Boston send out Cruisers-Depre-

dations of Captain Wallace along the Coast-Treason in

the Camp-Arrest of Dr. Church-His Trial and Fate-

Conflagration of Falmouth-Irritation throughout the

Country-Fitting out of Vessels of War-Embarkation

of General Gage for England-Committee from Con-

gress-Conferences with Washington-Resolutions of

Congress to carry on the War-Return of Secretary

Reed to Philadelphia,

186

CHAP. VII. Measures of General Howe-Desecration of

Churches Three Proclamations-Seizure of Tories-

Want of Artillery-Henry Knox, the Artillerist-His

Mission to Ticonderoga-Re-enlistment of Troops-Lack

of Public Spirit-Comments of General Greene,

189

CHAP. VIII. Affairs in Canada-Capture of Fort Cham-

blee-Siege of St. Johns-Maclean and his Highlanders

-Montgomery on the Treatment of Ethan Allen-Re-

pulse of Carleton-Capitulation of the Garrison of St.

Johns-Generous Conduct of Montgomery-Maclean re-

embarks for Quebec-Weary Struggle of Arnold through

the Wilderness-Defection of Colonel Eros-Arnold inf

the Valley of the Chaudiere-His Arrival opposite Que-

bec-Surrender of Montreal-Escape of Carleton-

Home-sickness of the American Troops,

191

iii

CHAP. IX. Washington's Anticipations of Success at Que-

bec-His Eulogium of Arnold-Schuyler and Montgom-

ery talk of resigning-Expostulations of Washington-

Their Effect-Schuyler's Conduct to a Captive Foe, 195

CHAP. X. Difficulties in filling up the Army-The Con-
necticut Troops persist in going Home-Their reception
there-Timely Arrival of Spoils in the Camp-Putnam
and the Prize Mortar-A Maraud by Americans-Re-
buked by Washington-Correspondence of Washington
with General Howe about the treatment of Ethan Allen
-Fraternal Zeal of Levi Allen-Treatment of General
Prescott-Preparations to bombard Bosto:-Battery at
Lechmere's Point-Prayer of Putnam for Powder,

CHAP. XI. Mount Vernon in Danger-Mrs. Washington

invited to the Camp-Lund Washington, the General's

Agent-Terms on which he serves-Instructed to keep

up the Hospitality of the House-Journey of Mrs. Wash-

ington to Camp-Her Equipage and Liveries-Arrival

at Camp-Domestic Affairs at Head Quarters-Gayetics

in Camp-A Brawl between Round-Jackets and Rifle-

Shirts,

196

200

CHAP. XII. Affairs in Canada-Arnold at Point Levi-

Quebec reinforced-Crossing of the St. Lawrence-Land-,

ing in Wolfe's Cove-Arnold on the Heights of Abra-

ham-Cautious Counsel-Quebec aroused-The Invaders

baffled-Withdraw to Point aux Trembles-Booming

of Cannon-Carleton at Quebec-Letter of Washington

to Arnold,

202

CHAP. XIII. Lord Dunmore-His Plans of harassing Vir-

ginia-Lee's Policy respecting Tory Governors and Place-

men-Rhode Island harassed by Wallace and his Cruis-

ers, and infested by Tories-Lee sent to its Relief-His

Vigorous Measures-The Army d sbanding-Washing-

ton's Perplexities-Sympathy of General Greene--His

Loyalty in time of Trouble-The Crisis-Cheering News

from Canada--Gloomy Opening of the New Year-News

from Colonel Knox,

204

CHAP. XIV. Military Preparations in Boston-A Secret

Expedition-Its Object-Lee's Plan for the Security of

New York-Opinion of Adams on the Subject-Instruc-

tions to Lee-Transactions of Lee in Connecticut-Lee's.

Policy in regard to the Tories-Uneasiness in New York

-Letter of the Committee of Safety to Lee-His Reply

-His Opinion of the People of Connecticut-Of the

Hysterical Letter from the New York Congress,

207

CHAP. XV. Montgomery before Quebec-His Plan of Op-

erations-A Summons to Surrender-A Flag Insulted-

The Town Besieged-Plan of an Escalade-Attack of

the Lower Town-Montgomery in the Advance-His

Death-Retreat of Colonel Campbell--Attack by Ar

nold-Defence of the Lower Town-Arnold wounded

-Retreat of the Americans-Gallant Resolve of Ar-

nold,

210

CHAP. XVI. Correspondence of Washington and Schuy

ler on the Disasters in Canada-Reinforcements required

from New England-Dangers in the Interior of New

York-Johnson Hall beleaguered-Sir John capitulates

-Generous Conduct of Schuyler-Governor Tryon and

the Tories-Tory Machinations-Lee at New York-Sir

Henry Clinton in the Harbor-Menaces of Lee-The

City a d River fortified-Lee's Treatment of the Tories

-H's Plans of Fortification-Ordered to the Command

in Canada-His Speculations on Titles of Dignity, 214

CHAP. XVII. Monotonous State of Affairs before Boston

-Washington anxious for Action-Exploit of Putnam-

Its Dramatic Consequences-The Farce of the Blockade

of Boston-An Alarming Interruption-Distresses of the

Besieged-Washington's Irksome Predicament - His

Bold Proposition-Demur of the Council of War-Ar-

rival of Knox with Artillery-Dorchester Heights to be

seized and fortified-Preparations for the Attempt, 218

CHAP. XVIII. The Affair of Dorchester Heights--Amer-

ican and English Letters respecting it-A Laborious

Night-Revelations at Daybreak-Howe in a Perplexity

-A Night Attack meditated-Stormy Weather-The

Town to be evacuated--Negotiations and Arrangements

-Preparations to Embark-Excesses of the Troops-Bos-

ton evacuated-Speech of the Duke of Manchester on the

subject-A Medal voted by Congress,

220

CHAP. XIX. Destination of the Fleet-Commission of the
two Howes-Character of Lord Howe-The Colonies
divided into Departments-Lee assigned to the Southern

CHAP. XX. Arnold blockades Quebec-His Difficulties-

Arrival of General Wooster-Of General Thomas-Abor-

tive Attempt on Quebec-Preparations for Retreat-

Sortie of Carleton-Retreat of the Americans-Halt at

Point Deschambeault-Alarm in the Colonies at the Re-

treat of the Army-Popular Clamor against Schuyler-

Slanders refuted,

229

CHAP. XXI. Gates sent to Philadelphia with the Canada

Despatches-Promoted to the rank of Major-General—

Washington summoned to Philadelphia-Putnam left in

command-Conference with Congress-Army Arrange-

ments-A Board of War instituted-The Clintons of

New York-Mrs. Washington Inoculated-Reed made

Adjutant-General,

232

CHAP. XXII. Affairs in Canada-Disaster at the Cedars

-Hostile Designs of the Johnsons-A Bloody Summer

expected-Forts in the Highlands-Colonel James Clin-

ton in Command-Fortifications at King's Bridge and

on Long Island,

•

234

CHAP. XXVI. Arrival of more Ships-Movements of the

Phoenix and the Rose-Panic in the City-Hostile Ships

up the Hudson-Stir of War along the River-General

George Clinton, and the Militia of Ulster County-Fresh

Agitation of New York-Arrival of Lord Howe, 244

CHAP. XXVII. Precautions against Tories-Secret Com-
mittees Declaration of Lord Howe-His Letter to the
Colonial Governors-His Letter to Washington rejected
-Interview between the British Adjutant-General and
Colonel Reed-Reception of the Adjutant-General by
Washington-The Phoenix and Rose in the Tappan Sea,
and Haverstraw Bay-Arming of the River Yeomanry

-0 Clinton at the Gates of the Highlands, 247

CHAP. XXVIII. Question of Command between Gates

and Schuyler-Condition of the Army at Crown Point-

Discontent and Departure of Sullivan-Fortifications at

Ticonderoga-The Question of Command adjusted-Se-

cret Discontents-Sectional Jealousies in the Army-

Southern Troops-Smallwood's Macaroni Battalion-

Connecticut Light-Horse,

250

CHAP. XXIX. Southern Cruise of Sir Henry Clinton-

Fortifications at Charleston-Arrival there of General

Lee-Battle at Sullivan's Island-Washington announces