...defender of what John Marshall would later call the "sole organ" theory of the presidency. On this view, "The President is the sole organ of the nation in...relations, and its sole representative with foreign nations."36 Hamilton defended this vision of the presidency on two grounds: First, in comparison to...

...ingredients for an energetic executive, and John Marshall, who argued in the House of Representatives that "[t]he President is the sole organ of the nation in...and its sole representative with foreign nations." Annals, 6th Cong., col. 613 (March 7, 1800). The leading modern judicial endorsements of this vision...

...John Marshall during a Congressional debate in 1800, before Marshall was named to the Supreme Court: "The President is the sole organ of the nation in...relations, and its sole representative with foreign nations,"75 and went on to cite other authorities upholding presidential power to conduct negotiations...

...recognized that this authority is inherent, that is, it is not subject to legislative interference. Thus, the president is "the sole organ of the Nation in its external affairs." • Wartime Power and Responsibilities: As presidents of both parties have recognized, and...