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ACTIVE ADAPTATION TO THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.
ADAPTATION TO THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT. Superorganic products.
The human environment.
CONCLUSION.
CHAPTER V
TIIE THREE PROCESSES OF SOCIAL PROGRESS
42
ORGANIC AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION.
INTEGRATION.
Two LAWS OF INTEGRATION.
FORMS OF INTEGRATION. Coercive integration. Voluntary integration.
THE FORM OF INTEGRATION AFFECTS THE CHARACTER OF THE GROUP.
VARIATION.
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE VARIATIONS.
CONDITIONS FAVORING VARIATIONS.
SELECTION.
AUTOMATIC SELECTIONS.
SELECTION BY CONSCIOUS CHOICE.
CHAPTER VI
.
57
THE SOCIAL FORCES .
DESIRE THE STIMULUS TO ACTION.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE DESIRES.
PHYSICAL DESIRES.
THE DESIRE FOR APPROBATION.
CONSCIOUSNESS OF LIFE.
THE MENTAL DESIRES CONTRASTED.
ATTRIBUTES OF THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF LIFE.
THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF DESIRES.
OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF DESIRES.
PART II. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS
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CHAPTER VII
THE DESIRE FOR SELF-PRESERVATION
THE NATURE OF THE DESIRE.
THE STRENGTH OF THE DESIRE.
NORMAL AND ABNORMAL MANIFESTATIONS.
ACTIVITIES RESULTING FROM THE DESIRE.
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CHAPTER VIII
INFLUENCES OF THE INORGANIC ENVIRONMENT .
INORGANIC SELECTION.
DEFECTS OF INORGANIC SELECTION. Elimination of the fit. The sur-
vival of the unfit.
PAGE OTHER EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE INDIVIDUAL. Effect on
stature. Effect on pigmentation. Effect on the blood. Effects on the
nervous system. Effect on energy.
EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON OCCUPATION. Hunting stage. Pas-
toral life. Agriculture. Sea-faring life. Mining. Industrial and
commercial life.
ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION.
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE UPON EARLY CIVILIZATIONS.
THE ADVANTAGES OF ISOLATION.
THE ADVANTAGES OF ACCESSIBILITY.
CHAPTER EX
INFLUENCES OF THE LOWER ORGANIC ENVIRONMENT 104
STRUGGLE WITH LOWER FORMS OF LIFE IS BOTH DIRECT AND INDIRECT.
THE NATURE OF HETEROGENERIC SELECTION.
LOSSES FROM HETEROGENERIC SELECTION.
THE INDIRECT STRUGGLE OF MAN WITH LOWER FORMS OF LIFE.
THE UTILIZATION OF LOWER FORMS OF LIFE.
RESULTS OF THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS. Develops individuality.
Increases sympathy. Affects social customs.
THE USES OF ANIMALS. For draft purposes and transportation. For
military purposes. For scientific purposes. For the destruction of
pests. For aesthetic and social enjoyment.
121
CHAPTER X
THE STRUGGLE OF GROUPS.
THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT.
CAUSES OF GROUP CONFLICT.
EFFECTS OF THE STRUGGLE OF GROUPS. On the selective process. The
loss of life. Money costs of war. Other economic effects. Political
integration. May bring lasting peace. May stimulate trade and
industry. Stimulates inventions and improvements. Makes possible
the introduction of social reforms. The alleged stimulus to morale
and patriotism.
THE ABOLITION OF WAR.
MILDER FORMS OF GROUP STRUGGLE.
CHAPTER XI
STRUGGLE WITHIN THE GROUP
.. 140
NATURE OF THE STRUGGLE.
AUTOGENERIC SELECTION.
EFFECTS OF THE STRUGGLE.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.
DIVISION OF LABOR THE Most DESIRABLE RESULT OF STRUGGLE.
CAUSES OF DIVISION OF LABOR. A dense population. A heterogeneous
population.
PAGE RESULTS OF THE DIVISION OF LABOR. Increases the production of wealth.
Increases knowledge and invention. Develops individuality. Gives
a new basis for social organization. An influence towards democracy.
DIVISION OF LABOR AND SOCIAL PROGRESS.
CHAPTER XII
159
THE UTILIZATION OF MEN
PROGRESS DEPENDS UPON THE UTILIZATION OF ENERGY.
FORMS OF EXPLOITATION VARY WITH ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.
DEGREE OF SUBORDINATION DEPENDS UPON SOCIAL AS WELL AS Eco-
NOMIC CONDITIONS.
RESULTS OF EXPLOITATION ON SOCIETY AS A WHOLE. Produces classes.
Destroys the honor of labor. Interferes with free association. Causes
class conflicts.
RESULTS OF EXPLOITATION UPON CLASSES THEMSELVES. Dangers of a
leisure class. Evils of poverty. Psychological results.
PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF CLASSES.
THE ELIMINATION OF CLASSES. The proportionate numbers of the lou est
class should be lessened. Their efficiency should be raised. Capital
should be increased. Special privilege should be abolished.
CHAPTER XIII
THE STATE
. 176
THE NATURE OF THE STATE.
THE RANGE OF STATE ACTIVITIES.
THE SURVIVAL OF STATES: EXTERNAL DANGERS.
INTERNAL DANGERS TO STATES. Homogeneity. Heterogeneity. Racial
antagonisms. Class antagonisms. Inflexible constitutions.
THE EVOLUTION OF STATES.
EVOLUTION DEPENDS UPON SENTIMENTS OF EQUALITY. Sentiments of
equality are affected by association. By heterogeneity of population.
By the size of the state.
THE INFLUENCE OF POLITICAL CONDITIONS.
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CHAPTER XIV
LAW
THE NATURE OF LAW.
LAW REPRESENTS THE SUPREME AUTHORITY OF THE STATE.
LIMITATIONS OF Law. The possibility of failure. The danger of impeding
progress. The insecurity of the governing power.
Two THEORIES CONCERNING THE BASIS OF LAW.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW. Amount of legislation. The subject matter
of law. Scientific legislation.
BETTER LEGISLATION IS THE END TO BE SOUGHT.
PART III. GENETIC FACTORS
CHAPTER XY
209
THE DESIRE FOR RACE CONTINUANCE...
NATURE OF THE DESIRE.
CHAPTER XVI
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEXES. 212
THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SEX.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEXES.
THE QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF SEX.
SOCIAL APTITUDES OF THE SEXES.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN CULTURAL ACTIVITIES.
CHAPTER XVII
225
SEX AND PROGRESS
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SEX. Produces homogeneity in the species.
Accelerates progress. Limits the range of variations. Produces hetero-
geneity in the individual. Invigorates the species.
SOCIAL RESULTS OF SEX. It ensures association. Permits division of
labor. Facilitates the acquisition of useful characteristics.
SEXUAL SELECTION.
EXTENT OF SEXUAL SELECTION.
CAUSES OF THE DEFECTS OF SEXUAL SELECTION. No restraint upon the
unfit. A narrow range of choice. Inferior ideals. Selection not al-
ways based on personal qualities. Religious celibacy. Inequality in
numbers of the sexes.
METHODS OF IMPROVING SEXUAL SELECTION.
SEXUAL MATING.
FAILURES IN SEXUAL MATING.
ASSORTATIVE MATING.
CAUSES OF DEFECTIVE SEXUAL MATING.
METHODS OF IMPROVING SEXUAL MATING.
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY.
THE FORMS OF MARITAL RELATIONS.
FORM OF THE FAMILY DETERMINED BY TWO FACTORS.
INFLUENCE OF THE FACTOR OF INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT.
INFLUENCE OF THE ECONOMIC FACTOR. On primitive family relations.
On polyandry. On polygyny. On monogamy.
Two FORMS OF MONOGAMY.
RELATIVE ADVANTAGES OF THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE FAMILY.
PRESENT TENDENCIES.
CHAPTER XIX
THE LAWS OF POPULATION: THE BIRTH RATE..
BIRTH RATES.
THEORIES OF POPULATION. Spencer's theory. The Malthusian theory.
PROBABLE EFFECTS OF AN INCREASE IN THE LIFE PERIOD.
EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION. When immigrants belong to the highest class.
When immigrants belong to the lowest class. When immigrants belong
to the middle class.
SUMMARY.
EFFECTS OF EMIGRATION. Population may increase. Standards of living
may rise. Increase of population may be temporarily checked. Both
birth rates and death rates may be affected.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EMIGRATION.
CHAPTER XXII
DEFINITIONS.
HEREDITY.
KIND OF CHARACTERS INHERITED.
THE FORMS OF INHERITANCE.
GALTON'S LAWS OF BLENDED INHERITANCE.
heritance. The law of filial regression.
GALTON'S LAW OF ALTERNATIVE INHERITANCE.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STATISTICAL METHOD.
The law of ancestral in-
EVIDENCE OF THE INHERITANCE OF MENTAL TRAITS.
MENDEL'S LAW OF HEREDITY.
MODIFICATIONS OF MENDEL'S SIMPLE FORMULA.
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